Memory

• What is the theoretical model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968?


  The multistore model of memory
• What are the three stores in the multistore model of memory?


  • Sensory register
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
• What is the duration of the sensory register?


  Approximately 250 milliseconds
• How does information pass from the sensory register to short-term memory?


  Through attention
• What is the coding method for short-term memory?


  Acoustic coding
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?


  Seven plus or minus two items
• What happens to information in short-term memory when new information enters?


  It is lost by displacement
• What is the duration of short-term memory?


  Approximately 18 seconds
• How is long-term memory coded?


  Semantically
• What is the duration of long-term memory?


  Very long, potentially limitless
• What did Glaser and Kunitz find regarding word recall?


  Words at the start and end of lists were more easily recalled
• What does the primacy and recency effect suggest about memory?


  First words are in long-term memory and last words are in short-term memory
• What did Sperling find about the sensory register's capacity?


  All rows of a 12-item grid were stored, but not all could be recalled
• What is the average recall for lists of letters and numbers according to Jacobs?


  Seven items for letters and nine for numbers
• What is the effect of chunking on short-term memory capacity?


  It can improve recall by grouping items
• What did Peterson and Peterson find about short-term memory duration?


  Recall was less than 10% after 18 seconds
• What does Wagner's diary study suggest about long-term memory capacity?


  It has a very large capacity, potentially limitless
• What was the recall percentage for school friends' names after 15 years according to Barck?


  90%
• What is the main criticism of cognitive tests of memory like the MSM?


  They are often highly artificial with low mundane realism
• What are the three types of long-term memory?


  • Declarative (explicit)
  • Non-declarative (implicit)
  • Procedural
• What is episodic memory?


  Memory of experiences and events that are timestamped
• How does semantic memory differ from episodic memory?


  Semantic memory contains facts and knowledge, not timestamped
• What is procedural memory?


  Unconscious memories of skills, not recalled consciously
• What did Kadeem's study suggest about episodic and semantic memory?


  They use different brain regions
• What is the significance of Clive Wearing's case?


  He has retrograde amnesia for episodic memories but retains semantic knowledge
• What is the problem with generalizing findings from idiographic case studies?


  Unique issues may affect individual behavior
• What does the working memory model propose about short-term memory?


  It is an active processor made of multiple stores
• What are the components of the working memory model?


  • Central executive
  • Phonological loop
  • Visuo-spatial sketchpad
  • Episodic buffer
• What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?


  It controls attention and filters information
• What is the capacity of the phonological loop?


  Approximately 2 seconds of speech
• What is the word length effect?


  Participants recall more monosyllabic words than polysyllabic words
• What did Baddeley find about the working memory model's accuracy?


  It is more accurate than the short-term memory component of the MSM
• What is the encoding specificity principle?


  For effective retrieval, cues must match the encoding context
• What is proactive interference?


  Old information disrupts the recall of new information
• What is retroactive interference?


  New information disrupts the recall of old information
• How does similarity affect interference?


  Interference is more likely when the information is similar
• What are state-dependent cues?


  Internal environmental aspects that work as cues to memory
• What are context-dependent cues?


  External environmental aspects that work as cues to memory
• What are the main theories of forgetting?

  • Interference theory
  • Retrieval failure due to absence of cues
• What is the effect of time sensitivity on interference?


  Interference is less likely with a large gap between learning and retrieval