SC 10.2

• Development in space exploration

  1. 11th Century: China created gunpowder and used primitive in battle
  2. 1609: First astronomical telescope by Galileo Galilei
  3. 1926: The first fuel rocket was launched by Robert Goddard from America
  4. 1957:
  5. USSR Sputnik 1 - first man-made satelite into orbit around Earth
  6. USSR Sputnik 2 - Satelite carrying a dog launched
  7. 1958: First satelite of USA - Explorer 1
  8. 1959
  9. Luna 2 - Launched by USSR but crashed onto the Moon's surface after 24 hours
  10. Luna 3 - First space probe that orbited the Moon
• 7) 1961: Vostok 1 - First human to orbit Earth (Yuri Gagarin) orbited for 108 minutes

  8) 1962: Mariner 2 - First space probe launched to Venus

  9) 1963: Vostok 6 - First female astronaut Valentina Tereshkova

  10) 1964: Mariner 4 - first space probe to Mars

  11) 1965: First human to walk in space - A. Leonov (USSR)

  12) 1966: Lunar 9 - USSR human spacecraft landed on the Moon

  13) 1968: Apollo 8 - USA spacecraft surrounded the Moon with F. Borman, J. Lovell and W. Anders

  14) 1969: Apollo 11 landed on the Moon with Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin set foot on the surface of the Moon
• 15) 1971: USSR launched a space station, Salyut

  16) 1973: USA launched

  • Pioneer 10 - to Jupiter
  • Pioneer II - to Saturn
  • Mariner 10 - to Mercury
  • Space station, Skylab orbits the Earth

  17) 1976: Viking 1 and Viking 2 - Landed on Mars

  18) 1977: Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 launched by NASA

  19) 1981: Space shuttle Colombia was launched

  20) 1986: Voyager 2 - pass through Uranus

  21) 1987: Voyager 2 - pass through Pluto

  22) 1990: Hubble telescope launched into Earth's orbit by Discovery

  23) 1992: Mars Observer spacecraft orbiting the Mars planet
• 24) 1996: Malaysian satelites MEASAT 1 and 2 launched

  25) 2000: Malaysia's first microsatelite TiungSAT-1 launched

  26) 2002: National Space Agency (Agency Angkasa Negara) established

  27) 2007: Datuk Dr. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor - first Malaysian astronaut in space

  28) 2011 - International Space Station (ISS) completed construction
• Space Telescope

  • Astronomical Sextant - Used to measure the altitude of stars
  • Galileo's Telescope - Most widely used astronomical instrument
  • Hubble space telescope - Placed in an orbit 500km from the surface of Earth
  • Radio Telescope - Detect radio waves from space
  • Spitzer space telescope - An infrared space telescope that studies the young galaxies and formation of stars
  • Relecting telescope(Domestic) - Uses concave mirror, takes and sends pictures of the outer space
  • Refracting telescope (Station) - Uses convex lenses, takes and sends pictures of the outer space
• Rocket

  • widely used in space exploration
  • Launch objects to be carried into outer space such as spacecraft, satelite and probs
  • Cannot be used repeatedly
  • consists of 4 main systems namely, structural system, payload system, guide system, and propulsion system
  • outer layer of the rocket is coated with a thermal protection system to protect the rocket from the heat generated and maintain a low temperature
  • When the fuel in a rocket burns, hot gases are released at high speed through the bottom of the rocket
• Satelite

  • Operates
  • Trasmitter station sends the wave signal to the satelite
  • Satelite strengthens the wave and change its frequency
  • Wave signal is sent to Earth
  • Signal received by the receiver station
  • Function - Allows us to listen to radio or watch television broadcast from other countries directly
  • Uses - Navigation and positioning, Remote sensing, Communication
  • About 10,500 satellites orbiting Earth, with 8,100 of them operational
• Spacecraft

  • Type of vehicle or machine launched into outer space
  • Purpose - Communication, monitoring Earth, meteorology, navigation, planet exploration, transport and cargo
• Space shuttle

  • Spacecraft that is launched into space and returns to Earth
  • Can be used repeatedly
  • Replaces rocket - save on expenses of launching of spacecraft
  • Uses
  • Carry astronaut and science equipment into space
  • Launch satelite and space probe
  • Recapture and repair orbiting satelite
• Space probe:

  • a type of spacecraft that travels in space to gather scientific information and does not carry astronauts but is controlled from Earth
  • Carries different kinds of science equipment
  • take photograph, detect radiation emitted by objects in outer space, measure surface temperature ,track the magnetic field of planet
  • use radio signals to sent collected information back to earth via radio telescope
  • types of space probes,
  • interplanetary to explore long distances, orbiters enter the orbits of the planets, and landers land on the planets to collect information
• Space station

  • Place for astronaut to conduct research while in space
  • Example
  • Salyut (USSR)
  • Skylab (USA)
  • ISS - build by a joint venture of 16 countries
• Remote sensing

  • A method of gathering and recording information from a distance
  • Displayed on the computer screen
  • Study of Earth from space
  • Type
  • Active remote sensing
  • Passive remote sensing
  • Malaysia - fitted in TiungSAT-1
  • Receive or detect visible, ultraviolet and infrared light produced by object on the surface or below the surface of Earth
  • Sent to National Planetarium Station (KL) and Mission Control Station (Bangi)
• Remote sensing

  1. Agriculture
  2. Detect suitable regions for agricultural development
  3. monitoring changes in land
  4. monitoring the condition of the soil
  5. agriculture yield forecast
  6. Land mapping
  7. Forestry
  8. Forest monitoring and illegal logging
  9. Forestry monitoring
  10. wet lands and jungle garden management
  11. Geology
  12. Detect locations such as mineral sources, mass depletion and land depletion
  13. Water sources
  14. Manage rain catchment area
  15. Mapping of underground water source
• • Active remote sensing involves a satellite or aircraft emitting a signal and reflecting the signal on an object detected by a detector on the same satellite and aircraft
  • Passive remote sensing involves satellites or airplanes that do not emit their own signals but only need to detect the reflection of sunlight from objects on the Earth's surface
• Remote sensing

  • Environment
  • Monitoring air and water pollution
  • Soil erosion mapping
  • Disaster management
  • Monitoring forest fires, oil spill, flood and landslides
  • National security
  • Detect intrusions of enemy ships, aircraft and vehicle
  • Provide aerial imagery and electronic monitoring for security purposes national
  • Detects nuclear test in outer space
• Malaysia Remote Sensing Agency (ARSM)

  • AKA Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing (MACRES)
  • Department under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia
  • Established in 1988
  • Responsible for
  • All remote sensing related activities in Malaysia
  • Related technology (Geographic Information System, Global Positioning System)
  • Supply remote sensing satelite imagery to consumers
  • Sole provider of remote sensing satelite data to government department
• Importance of space exploration

  • Obtain detailed information on Earth, planets and space objects
  • Produces several types of pure and high-quality materials such as microchips, crystals and special metals that are not available on Earth
  • Reviews the construction of a power plant using solar energy in outer space. Energy generated will be sent to Earth
  • Finds new placements for humans in outer space
  • Increase in job opportunities
• Cons of space exploration

  • Cost of spending in space technology is high
  • High risk for astronauts. The failure of the last astronaut mission claimed the lives of a number of astronauts in 1986 (Orbiter Challenger) and 2003 (Orbiter Columbia)
  • It takes a long time to bear fruit