Memory: Types of long term memory (4)

• What are the three types of long-term memory mentioned in the study material?

  Episodic, semantic, and procedural memory
• Why is the multi-store model criticized in relation to memory?


  It is too simple as it describes memory as unitary stores
• What does the working memory model explain about short-term memory?


  It can be divided into qualitatively different sub-systems
• What are the two sub-systems of short-term memory according to the working memory model?


  The phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
• What is automatic performance in relation to procedural memory?


  It refers to how the presence of others can enhance task performance
• Who conducted a study on social facilitation in 1898?


  Norman Triplett
• What did Norman Triplett's study find about people working together?


  They perform better than when working individually
• What type of skills does social facilitation apply to according to further studies?


  Dominant well-learned, automatic skills
• What did Michael et al. (1967) study in relation to pool players?


  The number of successful shots when watched versus alone
• How would you identify the independent variable in Michael et al.'s study?


  The presence of an audience while playing
• How would you identify the dependent variable in Michael et al.'s study?

  The number of successful shots made by the players
• What is a suitable directional hypothesis for Michael et al.'s study?


  Players will perform better when watched than when playing alone
• What is a repeated measures design in research?


  It involves the same participants being tested under different conditions
• How might you test the same hypothesis using an independent groups design?

  By having two separate groups, one watched and one not watched
• What is one strength of using an independent groups design compared to a repeated measures design?


  It eliminates order effects
• What is one limitation of using an independent groups design compared to a repeated measures design?


  It requires more participants to achieve the same power
• What is one suitable sampling method for Michael et al.'s study?


  Random sampling
• How would you use random sampling in this study?


  By selecting participants randomly from a larger population
• What are the key characteristics of episodic memory?

  • Personal memories of events
  • Includes contextual details
  • Contains emotional tone
• What are the key characteristics of procedural memory?


  • Memory for how to do things
  • Automatic due to repeated practice
  • Less awareness of these memories
• What are the key characteristics of semantic memory?


  • Shared memories for facts and knowledge
  • Can be concrete or abstract
  • Generally begins as episodic memories
• How does episodic memory differ from semantic memory?


  Episodic memory is personal, while semantic memory is shared knowledge
• What is the relationship between episodic and semantic memories?


  Episodic memories can transition into semantic memories over time
• What evidence supports the distinction between episodic and procedural memory?


  Case studies show patients can form procedural memories but not episodic ones
• What are the brain regions associated with different types of long-term memory?

  • Episodic memory: hippocampus and frontal lobe
  • Semantic memory: temporal lobe
  • Procedural memory: cerebellum and motor cortex
• What does the case study of HM illustrate about long-term memory?


  He could form new procedural memories but not episodic or semantic memories
• What is a limitation of studying brain-damaged patients in memory research?


  It is difficult to determine the exact brain areas affected
• What is a single dissociation in memory research?


  A separation between two abilities, such as episodic and semantic memory
• What does double dissociation suggest about episodic and semantic memories?


  They are separate and can function independently
• What is priming in the context of long-term memory?


  It describes how implicit memories influence responses to stimuli
• What does research suggest about the perceptual representation system (PRS) memory?


  It may be a fourth type of long-term memory related to priming
• What are the three elements of episodic memory?


  • Specific details of the event
  • Context surrounding the event
  • Associated emotions
• What are the implications of the distinction between procedural and declarative memories?


  • Supports the existence of multiple types of LTM
  • Indicates different brain regions are involved
  • Suggests different learning processes
• What is the main distinction between explicit and implicit memory?


  Explicit memory is for declarative knowledge, while implicit memory is for procedural knowledge
• How does procedural memory allow for multitasking?


  It is automatic, allowing focus on other tasks
• What happens when you overthink a procedural memory task, like riding a bicycle?


  You may lose balance due to overthinking
• What are the key terms related to types of long-term memory?

  • Episodic memory: personal event memories
  • Semantic memory: shared factual knowledge
  • Procedural memory: skills and tasks
• What is the emotional aspect of episodic memory?


  It includes the emotional tone associated with the event
• How do semantic memories relate to social customs?


  They include knowledge about appropriate behaviors
• What is the significance of the gradual transition from episodic to semantic memory?


  It allows for generalization of knowledge from personal experiences