Respiratory Physiology

• Respiration - the collective term for the four distinct events of the functions of the respiratory system
• Pulmonary ventilation - air moves into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the alveoli are continuously refreshed
• External respiration - gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli
• Respiratory gas transport - oxygen and carbon dioxide are being transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body
• Internal Respiration - gas exchange occurs between the blood and cells inside the body
• What is the common term for Pulmonary ventilation?

  breathing
• What are the four distinct event of the respiration?

  Pulmonary ventilation, External respiration, Respiratory gas transport, Internal respiration
• Cellular respiration - the use of oxygen to produce ATP and carbon dioxide
• Cellular respiration - the cornerstone of all energy-producing chemical reactions
• Inspiration - when air is flowing into the lungs
• Expiration - when air is leaving the lungs
• Pneumothorax - referred to the air in the intrapleural space
• How many ml of air is in the lungs during normal quiet breathing?

  500 ml
• Tidal volume - refer to as the amount of air in the lungs during normal quiet breathing
• Inspiratory reserve volume - the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly
• How many volume of air during the IRV?

  3100 ml
• Expiratory reserve volume - the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal expiration
• How many volume of air during the ERV?

  1200 ml
• Residual volume - the amount of air that still remains in the lungs and can not voluntarily be expelled
• How many volume of air during the Residual volume?

  1200 ml
• What is the total amount of exchangeable air?

  4800 ml, 3100 ml
• Dead space volume - some of the air that enters the respiratory tract that remains in the conducting zone passageways
• Spirometer - a device used to measure the volume of air expired from the lungs
• Non respiratory Air Movements

  A) Cough

  B) Sneeze

  C) Crying

  D) Laughing

  E) Hiccups

  F) Yawn

  
• Vesicular - soft, low-pitch, or rustling sounds normally heard throughout most of the lung fields
• Bronchial - loud and high in pitch with short pause between inspiration and expiration; heard over the large airways in the trachea and bronchi
• Bronchovesicular - medium-pitched sounds with equal inspiratory and expiratory phases, normally heard in between the scapulae and the sternum
• Crackles - popping or crackling sounds, fine or coarse
• Wheezes - high-pitched, musical sounds
• Rhonchi - low-pitched, snoring sounds
• Stridor - loud, high-pitched crowing
• Pleural rub - grating or rubbing sounds
• Diminished - reduced or no sounds
• Eupnea - a normal quiet breathing rate
• How many are the breathing rate of Eupnea?

  12 to 15 respiration per minute
• Hyperventilation - an increase in the rate and depth of breathing that exceeds the body's need to remove carbon dioxide
• Apnea - 20 seconds or more without breathing, can be caused by a blockage in the airway
• Dyspnea - a difficult or labored breathing
• Vital capacity - the sum of the tidal volume plus the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume
• Hyperpnea - when we breath more vigorously and deeply