FSC-musculoskeletal system

• What are the types of bone in the human skeleton?

  Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
• Name two types of joints found in the human body.

  Fibrous and synovial
• What are the main functions of the skeleton?


  • Support
  • Protection
  • Attachment for muscles/ligaments
  • Source of blood production
  • Storage of minerals
• What is the general structure of striated muscle?


  Bundles of long, narrow, cylindrical fibres which are multinucleated
• How do muscles facilitate movement?


  By contracting and moving the bones so joints bend
• What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?


  Thick and thin filaments slide past each other, causing muscle contraction and relaxation
• What role do calcium ions and ATP play in muscle contraction?


  They facilitate the formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments
• What happens to the sarcomere during muscle contraction?


  The sarcomere shortens as the thick and thin filaments slide past each other
• What is rheumatoid arthritis?


  An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks cells lining the joints
• What impact does rheumatoid arthritis have on the musculoskeletal system?


  It causes chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane, leading to swollen and painful joints
• What are systemic effects of rheumatoid arthritis?


  Lethargy, high temperature, poor appetite, and weight loss
• What cardiovascular effects can result from rheumatoid arthritis?


  Inflammation of the cardiovascular system, leading to atherosclerosis and increased risk of heart attacks
• What is atherosclerosis?


  Build-up of fatty deposits (atheroma) in the arteries
• What is pericarditis?


  Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart
• What is myocarditis?


  Inflammation of the myocardium, the heart muscle
• What is the consequence of a heart attack?


  Severe reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle, causing tissue damage
• What is a stroke?


  A sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, causing damage to brain cells
• What are anti-rheumatic drugs used for?


  To block the effects of chemicals released when the immune system attacks the joints
• What are examples of anti-rheumatic drugs?


  Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and DMARDs
• What is the purpose of biological treatments for rheumatoid arthritis?


  To stop chemicals in the blood from activating the immune system
• What is the role of physiotherapy in treating rheumatoid arthritis?


  To improve strength and make the joints more mobile and flexible
• What are some risks associated with surgery for rheumatoid arthritis?


  Increased risk of infection, blood clots, and reactions to anesthesia
• What is muscular dystrophy?


  A genetic disorder caused by mutations affecting muscle function
• What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)?


  The most common type of muscular dystrophy, primarily affecting boys
• What impact does DMD have on the musculoskeletal system?


  It causes progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, leading to mobility problems
• What are the respiratory implications of muscular dystrophy?


  Weakened respiratory muscles can lead to breathing difficulties
• What is atrophy?


  The gradual degeneration or decrease in the size and function of an organ or tissue
• What are contractures?


  The abnormal shortening and tightening of muscles or tendons
• What is scoliosis?


  An abnormal curvature of the spine
• What is cardiomyopathy?


  A group of diseases affecting the heart muscle
• What is the purpose of steroids in treating muscular dystrophy?


  To slow muscle degeneration and improve muscle strength
• How does physiotherapy help in muscular dystrophy treatment?


  It maintains muscle strength and preserves flexibility
• What is the role of low impact exercise in muscular dystrophy treatment?


  It helps preserve muscle mass and supports heart and lung health
• What are the risks associated with surgery for muscular dystrophy?


  Increased risk of infection, blood clots, and reactions to anesthesia
• What are some side effects of steroids used in muscular dystrophy treatment?


  Weight gain, mood changes, and excessive hair growth
• What serious risks are associated with steroid use in muscular dystrophy?


  Osteoporosis and increased risk of infections
• What is a potential consequence of surgery for muscular dystrophy?


  Temporary or permanent functional decline