science year 1

• What are the main components of the human reproductive system?

  Fallopian tube, uterus, ovary, cervix, ureter, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral gland, erectile tissue, testes, vagina, epididymis, urethra
• What are the functions of the male and female reproductive systems?


  • Male: Produces and matures sperm; delivers sperm during intercourse.
  • Female: Produces eggs; facilitates fertilization; provides environment for embryo and fetus development.
• How is the menstrual cycle regulated?

  • FSH stimulates egg development and estrogen production.
  • LH triggers ovulation and progesterone production.
  • If no pregnancy, progesterone drops, leading to menstruation.
  • Regulated by negative feedback loops for balance.
• What hormone is produced by the testes and what does it regulate?


  Testosterone; it regulates growth of facial and body hair, deepening of voice, and development of male reproductive organs.
• What hormone is produced by the ovaries and what does it regulate?


  Estrogen; it regulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the menstrual cycle.
• What are the causes of endometriosis?


  • Tissue like uterine lining grows in other places (ovaries, fallopian tubes).
  • Causes unknown; may involve genetics and immune system issues.
• What are the impacts of endometriosis on the female reproductive system?


  • Pain during menstruation, intercourse, or bowel movements.
  • Causes scarring and infertility.
  • Abnormal menstrual bleeding.
  • Adhesions and scar tissue affecting organ function.
  • Formation of ovarian cysts (endometriomas).
• How does endometriosis impact other body systems and mental health?


  • Digestive: bloating, constipation, diarrhea, nausea.
  • Urinary: frequent urination, pain, blood in urine.
  • Musculoskeletal: chronic pelvic pain radiating to back and legs.
  • Mental health: anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues.
• What are the treatments for endometriosis?


  • Pain relief medication (NSAIDs).
  • Hormone-based treatments (contraceptive pills, progestagens, GnRH agonists).
  • Surgery (laparoscopy, hysterectomy).
• What are the side effects and risks of endometriosis treatments?


  • NSAIDs: gastrointestinal damage, kidney issues.
  • Paracetamol: liver damage.
  • Contraceptives: nausea, mood changes, weight gain.
  • Progestagens: weight gain, mood swings.
  • GnRH agonists: menopause-like symptoms.
  • Surgery: infection, bleeding, organ damage.
• What is the definition of in vitro fertilization (IVF)?


  IVF is an assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body and then implanted into the uterus.
• What are the main stages of IVF treatment?


  1. Suppression of natural menstrual cycle.
  2. Stimulating ovaries to produce more eggs.
  3. Monitoring progress.
  4. Egg collection.
  5. Egg fertilization.
  6. Embryo transfer.
• What is conventional insemination in IVF?


  Conventional insemination is when eggs and sperm are mixed in a dish, allowing sperm to fertilize the eggs naturally.
• What is the role of FSH in IVF?


  • Promotes growth and maturation of multiple ovarian follicles.
  • Essential for collecting several eggs to increase fertilization chances.
• What factors affect the number of embryos transferred during IVF?


  • Patient age.
  • Previous IVF outcomes.
  • Embryo quality.
  • Uterine lining health.
  • Risk of multiple pregnancies.
  • Clinical expertise and guidelines.
• What are the side effects and risks associated with IVF?


  • Mood swings, hot flashes, headaches, bloating from medications.
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
  • Psychological stress.