FSC- renal system

• What is the first structure urine passes through after leaving the collecting duct?

  Ureter
• What are the three structures urine passes through after the collecting duct?

  Ureter, Bladder, Urethra
• What are the main functions of the renal system?


  • Filtration of blood
  • Removal of waste from the body
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Fluid balance
  • Osmoregulation
  • Production of erythropoietin
  • Production and excretion of urine
• What hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production?

  Erythropoietin
• What are the components of a nephron involved in osmoregulation?

  • Bowman's capsule
  • Glomerulus
  • Proximal convoluted tube
  • Distal convoluted tube
  • Loop of Henle
  • Nephron loop
  • Collecting duct
• How is water reabsorbed in the nephron?


  Water is reabsorbed along the proximal tubule and descending arm of the loop of Henle.
• What regulates the amount of water reabsorbed in the nephron?


  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• What is the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on the renal system?


  Decreased filtration leading to the accumulation of toxins and fluid overload.
• What are the causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?


  • High blood pressure
  • Diabetes
  • High cholesterol
  • Kidney infections and inflammation
  • Genetic diseases (e.g., autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease)
  • Blockages (e.g., kidney stones)
  • Long-term use of certain medications
• What are the effects of CKD on other body systems?


  Anaemia, hypertension, heart failure, and bone health issues.
• How does CKD lead to anaemia?


  Due to decreased erythropoietin production.
• What lifestyle changes can help manage CKD symptoms?


  Managing blood pressure, controlling blood sugar, reducing dietary sodium and protein.
• What are the treatment options for chronic kidney disease (CKD)?


  • Lifestyle changes
  • Dialysis
  • Kidney transplant
• What is the purpose of dialysis in CKD treatment?


  To mechanically filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood.
• What are some risks associated with dialysis?


  Potential for infection, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances.
• What is a potential risk of kidney transplant?


  Risk of the body rejecting the transplanted kidney.
• What are the side effects of long-term use of immunosuppressants after a kidney transplant?


  • Increased risk of cancer
  • Diabetes
  • High blood pressure
• What is the role of erythropoietin in the body?


  It stimulates red blood cell production.
• How does CKD affect bone health?


  It causes disturbances in calcium and phosphate metabolism, leading to osteoporosis.
• What is the impact of CKD on blood pressure?


  It can lead to hypertension due to impaired fluid and electrolyte balance.
• What are the symptoms of fluid overload due to CKD?


  Swelling, shortness of breath, and high blood pressure.