FSC- nervous system

• What are the main components of the nervous system?


  Brain, spinal cord, sensory neurones, motor neurones, relay neurones, synapses
• What is the function of motor neurones?


  • Take messages from the central nervous system (CNS) to the effectors
• What is the function of sensory neurones?


  • Take messages to the CNS from the sensory receptors
• What are the functions of the components of a motor neurone?


  • Axon: transfers the impulse
  • Dendrites: receive impulses and transfer to the cell body
  • Myelin sheath: increases the speed of impulse
  • Nodes of Ranvier: allow ions to move, propagating the impulse
  • Axon terminals: convert electrical signal into a chemical signal
• What do synaptic vesicles contain?


  Chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters
• What happens when the action potential reaches the synaptic vesicles?


  They release neurotransmitters which carry the signal across the synaptic gap
• What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?


  They bind to receptor sites on the post-synaptic cell
• What ions move during the creation of an action potential?

  Sodium ions move in, and potassium ions move out
• What happens after the action potential is created?


  The ions move back, returning the axon to the resting potential
• What is the cause of Parkinson's disease?


  • Lack of dopamine produced by cells in the substantia nigra
  • Possible causes: genetics, environment, exposure to pesticides and heavy metals
• What are the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease?


  • Tremors
  • Muscle rigidity (stiffness)
  • Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
  • Postural instability (balance problems)
• How does neurotransmitter imbalance affect the nervous system in Parkinson's disease?


  • Disrupts normal brain function
  • Affects motor coordination and other neurological processes
• What autonomic dysfunctions can occur due to Parkinson's disease?


  • Blood pressure regulation issues
  • Sweating abnormalities
  • Digestive problems
• How does Parkinson's disease impact cognitive and mental health?


  • Cognitive functions: memory and executive function difficulties
  • Mood disorders: depression, anxiety, sleep problems
• What complications can arise in other body systems due to Parkinson's disease?


  • Affects muscles in musculoskeletal, respiratory, and digestive systems
  • Cardiovascular complications due to autonomic nervous system effects
• What are the supportive therapies for Parkinson's disease?


  • Physiotherapy: restores and maintains movement
  • Occupational therapy: improves everyday task ability
  • Speech and language therapy: improves communication and eating issues
• What is the purpose of Levodopa medication in Parkinson's disease treatment?


  It replaces the missing dopamine to help control symptoms
• What does deep brain stimulation aim to improve in Parkinson's disease patients?


  It improves motor symptoms such as tremor
• What are the side effects and risks of Parkinson's disease treatments?


  • May be tiring
  • Requires cooperation of the individual
  • Can cause involuntary movements and gastrointestinal issues
  • Risks: orthostatic hypotension, infection, blood clots, reactions to anaesthesia, stroke