Right Heart Valve Disease

• What is pulmonary stenosis characterized by?


  Narrowing of the pulmonary valve
• What is the consequence of pulmonary stenosis on blood flow?


  It leads to reduced blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs
• What are some congenital syndromes associated with pulmonary stenosis?

  Tetralogy of Fallot, Noonan syndrome, and Williams syndrome
• What symptoms may indicate pulmonary stenosis?


  Dyspnoea, fatigue, peripheral oedema, and ascites
• How can pulmonary stenosis be identified during a physical examination?


  As an ejection systolic murmur loudest in the pulmonary region
• What investigations are used to diagnose pulmonary stenosis?


  ECG and echocardiogram
• What treatment options are available for pulmonary stenosis?


  Valvotomy or balloon angioplasty
• What is the prognosis for patients with pulmonary stenosis after intervention?


  Generally good with minimal long-term complications
• What defines pulmonary stenosis in terms of pressure gradient?


  A pressure gradient greater than 10 mmHg across the pulmonary valve during systole
• In what context does pulmonary stenosis usually occur?


  In the context of congenital cardiac disease
• What congenital syndromes are associated with pulmonary stenosis?

  Tetralogy of Fallot, Noonan syndrome, and Williams syndrome
• What rare cause can lead to pulmonary stenosis?

  Congenital rubella infection
• What are the typical symptoms of pulmonary stenosis?


  Right heart failure symptoms such as dyspnoea, fatigue, peripheral oedema, and ascites
• What signs may indicate pulmonary stenosis during a physical examination?


  Dysmorphic facies, raised JVP, right ventricular heave, and ejection systolic murmur
• How does pulmonary stenosis differ from aortic stenosis in terms of murmur location?


  Pulmonary stenosis murmur is loudest in the pulmonary region, while aortic stenosis is loudest in the aortic region
• What are the similarities and differences between pulmonary stenosis and Tetralogy of Fallot?


  Both have an ejection systolic murmur; Tetralogy of Fallot includes VSD and other features
• How does pulmonary stenosis differ from pulmonary regurgitation in terms of murmur type?


  Pulmonary stenosis leads to an ejection systolic murmur, while pulmonary regurgitation leads to an early diastolic murmur
• What findings might be seen on an ECG for pulmonary stenosis?


  P pulmonale, right axis deviation, and right ventricular hypertrophy
• What might a chest X-ray reveal in a patient with pulmonary stenosis?


  Prominent pulmonary arteries and post-stenotic dilatation
• What does an echocardiogram assess in pulmonary stenosis?


  The degree of stenosis and ventricular function
• When is treatment considered for pulmonary stenosis?


  When transvalvular pressure gradients are greater than 50 mmHg
• What is the main complication of pulmonary stenosis?


  Right heart failure
• What risk do patients with pulmonary stenosis face post-intervention?


  Increased risk of infective endocarditis
• What is the life expectancy associated with mild pulmonary stenosis?


  Normal life expectancy
• What is the prognosis for pulmonary stenosis after intervention?


  Good prognosis with minimal long-term complications