TRANSLATION

• translation


  • process or the product of, resulting from transferring or mediating written texts of different lengths, from human language to another
• • date back to ancient mesopotamia includes translation of the HEBREW BIBLE into GREEK in the 3RD CENTURY BC
• the formal study of translation emerged 


  in the mid-20th century, evolving from ancient practices that distinguished between literal and sense-for-sense translations
• differentiation from trancreation


  focus: accurate meaning transfer

  approach: literal or close adaptation

  content type: informative texts(e.g. manuals, legal documents)

  process: direct conversion

  outcome: equivalent message
• 7 types of translation

  1. literal translation
  2. dynamic equivalence
  3. formal equivalence
  4. adaptation
  5. machine translation
  6. collaborative translation
  7. fansubbing
• literal translation


  • focuses on a word-for-word rendering of the original text
  • often used in legal or technical documents where precision is essential
• dynamic equivalence 


  • aims for a translation that conveys the same meaning and emotional impact as the original
  • common in literature and poetry where tone and nuance matter
• formal equivalence 


  • prioritize a more direct translation that closely follows the structure and wording of the source text
  • often used in academic or religious text
• adaptation


  • involves modifying a text to make it understandable while maintaining the original message
  • focus primarily on the text itself and how it conveys across language
• machine translation


  • utilize software or algorithms(e. g. google translation) to translate text
  • quick but may lack the nuance and cultural context of human translation
• collaborative translation


  involves multiple translators working together to produce a text, allowing for diverse a perspective and expertise
• fansubbing


  • short for "fan-subtitled" refers to the practice of fans creating UNOFFICIAL SUBTITLES for foreign films and television shows, particulary anime
  • the phenomenon began to take shape in the 1980s, primarily in Japan and later in the United State