2.3 Introduction to Memory

• Memory


  -persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

  -Alzheimers disease: forget
• Recall


  -retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time

  -person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
• Recognition


  -identifying items previously learned. A multiple-choice question test your recognition
• Relearning


  -learning something more quickly when you learn it a second time
• Encode


  -get information into our brain/memory system

  -Example: by extracting/understanding meaning
• Store


  -the process of retaining encoded information over time
• Retrieval


  -the process of getting information out of memory storage
• Memory-Forming Process/ Multi-Store Model

  1. Sensory memory
  2. Short term memory
  3. Song term memory
• Sensory memory


  the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. Come from senses. Ex: I smell something and it remind me of something else
• short-term memory


  briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten, less than a minute'
• long-term memory


  -the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system

  -includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. -Studying for a test and then forgetting it after a month
• Working Memory


  -a newer understanding of short-term memory

  -conscious, active processing of both

  1. incoming sensory info and
  2. info retrieved from long-term memory
• Central Executive


  -a memory component that coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
• Phonological Loop


  -memory component that briefly holds auditory information

  -Example: repeat a friends # before entering it
• Visuospatial Sketchpad

  -memory component that briefly holds info about objects' appearance and location in space. -Ex: mentally navigate through your house and count the rooms
• Neurogenesis


  -the formation of new neurons
• Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)


  -an increase in a nerve cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
• After LTP, passing an electric current through the brain only disrupts...

  1. Recent memories
• Frontal lobes and hippocampus aid...

  -the information of explicit memories
• Explicit Memories

  -facts, events, and experiences we consciously know
• Cerebellum and ganglia are part of...


  -the brain network dedicated to the formation of implicit memories
• Implicit Memories


  -our learned skills and learned associations
• Episodic Memory


  -type of long-term memory that involves the recollection of personal experiences & specific events

  -mentally time travel to remember past events

  -Ex: Remembering your trip to Paris.
• Semantic Memory 


  -Type of long-term memory that involves the storage of general knowledge & facts about the world.

  -Ex: Paris is the capital of France.
• Prospective Memory


  -ability to remember to carry out an intended action in the future

  -crucial to planning & completing tasks

  -Ex: remembering to attend a meeting
• Structural Processing


  -focuses on physical appearance of information, such as shape or form of words, letters, and objects

  -Task: Remember "CAT"

  -SP: 3 Letters, all capital