Difference model

• Who put forth the Difference Model?

  Deborah Tannen
• What does the Difference Model suggest about conversation?

  It suggests that differences in language can cause miscommunication.
• According to the Difference Model, what is innate within us?


  Each gender has a different priority within conversation.
• What does Deborah Tannen imply about men's and women's conversation styles?


  Men and women have different conversational priorities, leading to misunderstandings.
• How do men view conversation according to the Difference Model?


  Men see conversation as a contest.
• How do women perceive consulting with their partner?


  Women see it as a discussion rather than asking for permission.
• What do men often interpret complaints as?


  Men often see complaints as a challenge to come up with a solution.
• What is the practical purpose of talk for men?


  For men, talk is primarily about information.
• How do women typically phrase their orders in conversation?


  Women hedge their orders with phrases like "Let's...".
• What is the difference in conflict resolution between men and women?


  Women are reluctant to openly oppose others.
• Who explored the use of tag questions differently by men and women?


  Janet Holmes
• What are tag questions?


  Tag questions are questions converted from statements by adding an interrogative.
• What are the two categories of tag questions identified by Holmes?


  Modal Tags and Affective Tags
• What do Modal Tags indicate?


  Modal Tags are requests for information and may show uncertainty.
• How do women use tag questions differently than men?

  Women use more affective questions looking for a supporting relationship.
• What does the use of affective tags suggest about women's conversation style?

  Affective tags show concern rather than weakness, indicating caring and intimacy.
• What does the research by Jennifer Coates suggest about all-female conversation?


  All-female talk is co-operative, with speakers supporting each other's rights as speakers.
• How do women in same-sex talk compare to men in all-male talk according to Jane Pilkington?


  Women are more collaborative and use more positive politeness strategies.
• What did Koenraad Kuiper study?


  He studied all-male talk amongst a rugby team.
• How do men express solidarity in all-male talk according to Kuiper?


  Men use insults as a way of expressing solidarity.
• What do men pay less regard to in their conversations according to Kuiper's study?


  Men pay less regard to the need to save face.