behaviorist approach

• What is classical conditioning?


  It is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural reflex.
• What is the role of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning?


  The UCS naturally elicits a response without prior learning.
• What is the unconditioned response (UCR)?


  The UCR is the natural response to the unconditioned stimulus.
• What happens during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?


  A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
• What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?


  The CS is a previously neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, elicits a conditioned response.
• What is a conditioned response (CR)?


  The CR is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus.
• If a bell is rung before food is presented to a dog, what is the bell considered after conditioning?


  The bell is considered a conditioned stimulus (CS).
• What is the significance of timing in classical conditioning?


  The neutral stimulus must predict the unconditioned stimulus for conditioning to occur.
• What is extinction in classical conditioning?


  Extinction occurs when the conditioned response is weakened after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
• What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?


  Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of extinction.
• What is stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?


  Stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
• Who is credited with discovering classical conditioning?


  Ivan Pavlov
• What is operant conditioning?


  Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviors are modified by their consequences.
• What is the Skinner box used for?


  It is used to study operant conditioning in animals.
• What is positive reinforcement?


  Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by a satisfying consequence, increasing the likelihood of that behavior recurring.
• What is negative reinforcement?


  Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior removes an aversive stimulus, increasing the likelihood of that behavior recurring.
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?


  Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
• What are the two types of punishment?

  Positive punishment and negative punishment.
• What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?


  A continuous reinforcement schedule reinforces a behavior every time it occurs.
• What is a partial reinforcement schedule?


  A partial reinforcement schedule reinforces a behavior only some of the time.
• What is the significance of Skinner's reliance on experimental methods?


  It allowed him to establish cause-and-effect relationships between behavior and its consequences.
• What is the concept of preparedness in classical conditioning?


  Preparedness suggests that animals are biologically predisposed to learn certain associations that are significant for survival.
• What is a limitation of Skinner's research?


  It relies heavily on non-human animals, which may not accurately represent human behavior.
• How did Skinner view free will?


  Skinner argued that free will is an illusion and behavior is shaped by external influences.
• What do behaviorists ignore according to critics?


  They ignore cognitive factors and emotional states in explaining behavior.
• What are the key features of classical conditioning?


  • Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) elicits unconditioned response (UCR)
  • Neutral stimulus (NS) paired with UCS during acquisition
  • NS becomes conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits conditioned response (CR)
  • Extinction occurs when CS is presented without UCS
  • Spontaneous recovery can occur after extinction
  • Stimulus generalization occurs with similar stimuli
• What are the key features of operant conditioning?


  • Behavior is influenced by consequences (reinforcement or punishment)
  • Positive reinforcement increases behavior by providing a satisfying consequence
  • Negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus
  • Punishment decreases behavior by providing an unpleasant consequence
  • Continuous reinforcement establishes behavior; partial reinforcement maintains it
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Skinner's research?


  Strengths:

  • Controlled experimental methods establish cause-and-effect relationships
  • Provides insights into behavior modification through reinforcement

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Over-reliance on non-human animals limits applicability to humans
  • Ignores cognitive and emotional factors in behavior