1.4 Bonding

• What type of elements participate in ionic bonding?


  A metal and a non-metal
• What happens to electrons during ionic bonding?


  Electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal
• What are the charged particles formed during ionic bonding called?


  ions
• What type of forces attract oppositely charged ions in ionic bonding?


  electrostatic forces
• What structure is formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions?

  a giant ionic crystal lattice
• What is the ionic compound formed from Na​+​ and Cl​-​ ions?


  Sodium chloride
• What happens to sodium during the formation of Na​+​ ions?


  Sodium loses an electron
• What does chlorine do to form Cl​-​ ions?


  Chlorine gains an electron
• What is the formula for the sulfate ion?

  SO​4​²⁻
• What is the formula for the hydroxide ion?


  OH⁻
• What is the formula for the nitrate ion?


  NO​3⁻
• What is the formula for the carbonate ion?


  CO​3²⁻
• What is the formula for the ammonium ion?


  NH​4⁺
• What type of elements form covalent bonds?


  Two non-metals
• How do electrons behave in covalent bonding?


  Electrons are shared between the two outer shells
• What must be balanced in a covalent bond?


  The electrostatic forces within the molecule
• What is a double covalent bond?


  When two pairs of electrons are shared between atoms
• How can shared electron pairs be represented in diagrams?


  Using dot and cross diagrams
• What indicates a coordinate bond in a diagram?


  An arrow from the lone electron pair
• What is a coordinate bond?


  A bond where both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom
• What can ammonia (NH​3​) form with a H​+​ ion?


  An ammonium ion (NH​4⁺)
• What are the types of bond character based on electronegativity?


  • Covalent Bond: Electrons shared equally, no overall charge.
  • Intermediate Bond: Electrons shared unequally, partial charges present.
  • Ionic Bond: Complete transfer of electrons, producing ions with full charges.
• How do bond characteristics affect boiling point?


  They affect the attraction between molecules, requiring more energy to break intermolecular forces
• How do bond characteristics affect solubility?


  More polar molecules are more soluble due to partial charges attracting opposite charges in water
• What are the three main types of intermolecular forces?


  1. Van der Waals Forces: Weakest, induced dipole interactions.
  2. Permanent Dipole: Acts between polar molecules with ∂+ and ∂- regions.
  3. Hydrogen Bonding: Strongest, occurs with H bonded to N, O, or F.
• What is the weakest type of intermolecular force?


  Van der Waals Forces
• What affects the strength of Van der Waals forces?


  The molecular mass (Mr) and shape of the molecule
• Why do straight chain molecules experience stronger Van der Waals forces than branched chain molecules?


  They can pack closer together, reducing the distance over which the force acts
• What type of intermolecular force acts between molecules with a polar bond?


  Permanent Dipole
• What is required for hydrogen bonding to occur?


  A hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine
• How do hydrogen bonds influence the physical properties of substances?


  They result in higher melting and boiling points compared to similar-sized molecules without hydrogen bonding
• How do intermolecular forces influence the physical properties of substances?


  • Stronger intermolecular forces lead to higher melting and boiling points.
  • They affect solubility and the state of matter.
  • Different types of intermolecular forces result in varying physical properties.
• Covalent and Coordinate Bonding