L21 -Māori Perspective of PA & Health (Hauora)

• Te Ao Māori: a Māori Worldview:

  • “Is the central systemisation of conceptions of reality to which members of its culture assent & form which stems their values system
  • The worldview lies at the heart of the culture, touching, interacting with & strongly influencing every aspect of the culture”
• Māori Physical Activity Rates:

  • By ethnicity:
  • Young & adult Asian have lower levels of weekly participation & less time being PA
  • Young Māori spend more time in organised participation
  • 5.2 hrs compared with 4.6 hrs for all children & young people
  • 7.5 hrs compared with 6.5 hrs for all children & young people
  • Adult Māori & Pacific have lower levels of weekly participation & spend less time being PA
  • Adult European females have higher levels of weekly participation than their male counterparts
• Māori Physical Activity Rates:

  • Participation by ethnicity:
  • Weekly participation is lower than average for Asian children & young people
  • European adults have higher than average weekly participation, while Pacific, Asian & Maori adults have lower than average weekly participation
• Maori Health Model: Te Whare Tapa Whā:

  • Taha Wairua = spiritual health
  • Taha Whānau = family health
  • Taha Tinana = physical health
  • Taha Hinengaro = mental health
  • 1 affected all affected
  • Durie, M. (2008). Māori health models - Te Whare Tapa Whā
• Te Pae Mahutonga:

  • Southern Cross Star Constellation brings together elements of modern health production
  • The 4 central stars of the Southern Cross represent 4 key tasks of health promotion

  1. Mauriora - cultural identity
  2. Wairoa - physical environment
  3. Te Oranga - participation in society
  4. Toiora - healthy lifestyles

  • The 2 pointers represent

  1. Ngā Manukura - community leadership
  2. Te Mana Whakahaere - autonomy
• Māori exercise professionals:

  • Using indigenous knowledge to connect the space bw/ performance & wellbeing
  • Want to meet holistic wellbeing
  • Barriers for Māori from colonisation
  • Need to enhance ancestral knowledge
  • Shifting the illusion that sport & exercise ignores culture
  • Indigenous sport leadership and practices are unequal by Western methods
  • Māori exercise professionals demonstrate cultural innovation & community wellbeing
• Māori Centred Approaches :

  • Mana Taiohi
  • Mauri at the centre
  • Whakapapa
  • Honoga
  • Te Ao = Māori worldview
  • Encompassed by:
  • Whanaungatanga
  • maintaining relationships
  • Manaakitanga
  • take care of & nurture
  • Thai Wāhitanga
  • Mātauranga
• The mana young people bring or carry:

  1. Mauri Taiohi
  2. We fuel the Mauri of young people, supporting the development of their identity
  3. Whakapapa Taiohi
  4. Acknowledge whakapapa
  5. Hononga Taiohi
  6. Understand Hononga, identify & strengthen connections
  7. Te Ao Taiohi
  8. Explore Te Ao
  9. Have youth development approaches enhance mana
  10. Whanaungatanga
  11. Taking time to build & sustain quality relationships
  12. Mannakitanga
  13. Nourishing collective wellbeing
  14. Whai Wāhitanga
  15. Acknowledge mana, participation & responsibility
  16. Mātauranga
  17. Empowered by rich & diverse Mātauranga, informed by good info
• Mainstream Approaches - Te Ara Tika: Māori Health Research

  • Ethical considerations framework that guides all Māori health research at the Health Research Council (HRC) of NZ
  • Te Ara Tika refers to the correct (tika) pathway (ara)
  • Guides behaviours, processes & outcomes
  • Tikanga stems from “tika”
  • To be right, right thing
  • Correct way of doing something
  • Locally & context specific and is able to be adapted & changed
  • 1 pathway for engaging in ethically appropriate practice
  • We are utilising this model in a context of PA initiative
• Māori Ethical Framework:

  • Better in the centre (listed outside to centre)
  • Rights - Roles - Responsibilities
  • Protection - Participation - Partnership
  • Aroha - Tūmanako - Whakapono
  • Risks - Benefits - Outcomes
• Māori Ethical Framework:

  • Better in the centre (listed outside to centre)
  • Tika - Research design
  • Mainstream
  • Māori centred
  • Kaupapa Māori
  • Manaakitanga - Cultural & Social Responsibility
  • Cultural sensitivity
  • Cultural safety
  • Mahaki
  • Whakapapa - Relationships
  • Consultation
  • Engagement
  • Kaitiaki
  • Mana - Justice & Equality
  • Mana Tangata
  • Mana whenua
  • Mana Whakahaere
• Māori Ethical Framework - WHAKAPAPA (relationships):

  • Aroha - Tūmanako - Whakapono
  • Risks - Benefits - Outcomes
  • Consultation
  • Track record of the researcher
  • Consultation - local perspective
  • Clarity of info sheet
  • Clarity of use of sample (incl. future use)
  • Appropriate reporting of results
  • Locality assessment
  • Engagement
  • Engagement - local perspective
  • Monitoring of outcomes
  • Ongoing communication
  • Clarity of research agendas
  • Kaitiaki
  • Māori governance
  • Control over process of dissemination & end use of results
• Relationships Minimum standard: Consultation:

  • Critical understanding & investigation of the potential impact on Māori
  • Aroha: protective element
  • Risks: potential risks
  • eg PA initiative
  • How will Māori be consulted about your initiative?
  • How will all the risks be outlined?
  • Will any personal info be collected?
  • Are the people delivering the programme appropriately trained?
  • Will there be a follow up & reporting back processes about your initiative?
  • Do you need to improve info sheets & consent forms?
  • If so, are they appropriate
• Māori Ethical Framework - TIKA (research design):

  • Rights - Roles - Responsibilities
  • Protection - Participation - Partnership
  • Mainstream
  • Clear purpose of project
  • Relevance to Māori goals
  • Collect appropriate ethnicity data
  • Relevant sampling frames & recruitment (eg kānohi/kitea)
  • Māori involvement (participants, researchers etc)
  • Māori centred
  • Māori researcher development
  • Māori involved in research design
  • Equal explanatory power
  • Mentoring
  • Māori analysis
  • Kaupapa Māori
  • Co-construction
  • Kaupapa Māori paradigm
  • Use of Māori research methodology
• Research Design Minimum standard: Mainstream

  • Rights & protection: expectation of protect the rights of Māori
  • eg PA initiative
  • In what way does this initiative impact on Māori?
  • How will Māori be included in this initiative? Is this appropriate & respectful?
  • Do I need to consult with Māori for this initiative? If so, how do I do that?
• Māori Ethical Framework - MANAAKITANGA (Cultural & Social Responsibility):

  • Protection - Participation - Partnership
  • Aroha - Tūmanako - Whakapono
  • Cultural sensitivity
  • Access to appropriate advice
  • Treat with dignity & respect
  • Privacy
  • Confidentiality
  • Respect for persons & beliefs
  • Cultural safety
  • Use of Māori protocols
  • Whānau support
  • Indigeneity
  • Respect for & use of Māori values & concepts
  • Mahaki
  • Spiritual integrity
  • Māori philosophy
  • Whakawātea
• Cultural & Social Responsibility Minimum standard: Cultural Sensitivity:

  • Protection: caring for people, aware of cultural sensitivities
  • Aroha: acting kindly toward each other
  • eg PA initiative
  • “Are the participants being treated with dignity & respect?
  • Will the participants have access to appropriate advice?
  • Is privacy & confidentiality being applied appropriately?”
• Māori Ethical Framework - MANA (Justice & Equity):

  • Rights - Roles - Responsibilities
  • Risks - Benefits - Outcomes
  • Mana Tangata
  • Reciprocacy
  • Identification of risks to Māori (individual/collective)
  • Fairness
  • Informed consent
  • Koha
  • Mana whenua
  • Collective consent
  • Relevance to Māori development goals
  • Māori outcomes
  • Benefit sharing
  • Political authority
  • Iwi/Hapu/Whānau
  • Appropriate acknowledgement
  • Mana whakahaere
  • Ownership of data
  • Intellectual property
  • Mātauranga Māori
• Justice & Equity Minimum standard: Mana tangata:

  • Risks: individual risks
  • Rights: individual rights to participate
  • eg PA initiative
  • How open/transparent has the process of consultation been?
  • How honestly & fully have the potential or real risks involved in this initiative been explained?
  • How equitable will the results be for Māori?
  • Are the ideas behind koha understood?
  • Is there evidence of:
  • Equitable outcomes for Māori?
  • Minimisation of harm?
  • Fairness by appropriate inclusion of Māori?
  • Engagement with the most appropriate groups to deliver favourable
  • Outcomes?