global migration

• migration= movement of people across a specified boundary to establish new permanent place of residence
• emmigration= exiting a country
• immigration= entering a country
• Inter-regional=movement from one reigon to another
• intra-regional= movement within a region
• remittances= money transferred from a migrant to their home country
• India received $100 billion in 2022 due to remittances

  Mexico received $60 billion
• Positives of migration=Stability, economic growth, development
• negatives of economic growth= Injustices, social conflicts and inequalities
• bi-lateral flows= movement of people between two specific countries. These corridors often reflect historical, economic and political connections.
• Brazil

  10th largest GDP in the world mainly service work

  starting to go to an ageing population

  Increased migration with its neighbouring countries
• Immigration in Brazil

  Mainly from Portugal (140,000) or Japan (50000)

  Influx from Haiti -11,000 in 2013
• Emigration

  Slowed down emigration of low skilled workers in USA

  Increased of high skilled workers to Europe or USA or Japan

  Many have cultural and heritage links to Japan or Europe so emigrate

  Japan= 370,000 and USA= 370,000
• Interdependence with Portugal

  have a long standing bilateral relationship

  Entry to EU

  Shared culture, language, heritage so easier to integrate

  Remittances
• Interdependence with USA

  Migrants learn skills that they can use in Brazil

  Remittances to families

  Agreements in Agriculture and trade

  USA give support in environmental projects like protecting indigenous tribes from forest fires.
• Economic impact in Brazil

  waves of immigration contribute to growth in agriculture

  Fill in labour gaps

  Remittances
• Political impacts

  Stable government

  free flow of trade from being a member of Mercosur

  receiver of refugees
• Social impacts

  Inequalities between ethnic groups in housing and access to services

  Prejudice in labour market
• Reasons for emigration to Thailand

  Many farmers in Laos are subsistence farmers=low money

  Periodic droughts led to food insecurity

  Higher minimum wage of 363 baht (x3 the amount in Laos)

  Remittances are the main source of income
• Migration policies

  There is a huge vulnerability-government plan to tackle human trafficking

  • Prevention= awareness/education/child protection
  • Protection= reintegration of returning migrants
  • Prosecution= investigation and border control
• Interdependence

  Laos workers contribute through manual labour in Thailand.

  Work together to manage flooding of Mekong River

  Built rail links which opens Laos to development
• Opportunities

  Bilateral relations with Vietnam and have economic co-operation

  Remittances help Laos develop= 22% of familys below poverty line.
• Challenges

  Many workers unskilled/low education

  they are vulnerable to human trafficking.
• Population change= (births-deaths)=International migration