Types of Mode texts

• (Online conversation) vowel emission:


  Missing out vowels for e.g: pls (please), hv (have)
• (Online conversation) number and letter homophones


  2L8 (too late), m8 (mate), b4 (before)
• (Online conversation) Phonetic spelling


  omigod (oh my god), cos (because)
• (Online conversation) initialism


  lmk (let me know), wb (write back),
• (Online conversation) Acronym


  LOL (laugh out loud), brb (be right back)
• (Online conversation) variant/deviant spelling 


  tonite (tonight)
• (Online conversation) emoticons/emojis


  Represents paralinguistic features of speech e.g: tone of voice, facial expression etc
• (Online conversation) Reduplication and Capitalization

  ‘I’m sooo bored’

  ’this is very very HORRIBLE !!!
• What are the affordances/advantages of online/electronic text?


  * allows us to write/communicate anywhere

  * allows instant communication across the globe

  * Makes readers feel like a community by interacting on texts and commenting

  * can be edited/updated easily
• What are the constraints/disadvantages of electronic text?


  * does not have the associated romance of a letter

  * does not have the personal element of spoken

  * open the doors to criticism

  * room for error e.g typos

  * can have misinterpretation of text

  * might be unreliable
• (Spoken mode text) verbal fillers


  Words that have every little meaning, but inserted in every day speech e.g: like, as, you know
• (Spoken mode text) Non-verbal fillers


  Voiced pauses, hesitations, such as ‘um’ or ‘er’
• (Spoken mode text) ellipsis


  Words, missing/statements left on finished e.g ‘Seen Dave lately?’ , ‘You good?’
• (Spoken mode text) Non-standard grammar


  Reflects the informality of speech e.g ‘we was half an hour late’
• (Spoken mode text) False starts/self repairs


  The speaker begins a phrase and changes it in favour of another.
• (Spoken mode text) Unintentional repetition


  Repeating either single words, or several words at a time e.g ‘I was about to go, about to go…’
• (Spoken mode text) Unvoiced pauses


  a silent pause shown like (.)
• (Spoken mode text) What is Back Chanelling?


  when a listener responds to a speaker while they are talking, either verbally, non-verbally, or both. for eg: yeah, hmm, right
• (spoken mode text) what is discourse marker?


  Word or phrase used to connect ideas or parts of a conversation. For eg: well, anyway, so, right
• (spoken mode text) what is Hedging?


  when you use certain vocabulary to make criticism less harsh
• (Spoken mode text) what are tag questions?


  Short questions added to the end of a statement to check information for e.g ‘isn’t it?, didn’t you?.’
• (Spoken mode text) what is deixis?


  Words that indicate a specific time, place or person in relation to the context. For example, if you were to join a conversation between two people and they said ‘how was that?’ You wouldn’t know the context of it.
• (Spoken mode text) What is adjancy pairs?

  Conversational exchange between two speakers that consists of two related utterances. For e.g; ‘hey how are you?’ ‘I’m good thanks’
• What are paralinguistic features?

  Things that add meaning to the text that aren’t actually language for example, in spoken mode text, it will be body language, facial expressions, emphatic stress etc but in written mode, it can be graphology
• what are pragmatics?


  the difference between what's said and what's meant, dependant on contextual knowledge (like an idiom) for e.g; 'its raining cats and dogs'
• What is the face/politeness theory introduced by Erving Goffman?


  That we present a face that is related to our role in that interaction for e.g customer, friend, daughter etc.

  We tend to protect each other spaces by playing along and giving compliments to each other. We can also challenge each other faces and be quite rude.
• (face/politeness theory) what is meant by a negative face?


  The desire to feel impeded e.g: feeling free, and not being bossed about
• (face/politeness theory) what is meant by Face Threatening Acts?


  Conversational terms that risk a loss of face for e.g ‘Eat your food you fat pig!’
• (face/politeness theory) what is meant by a positive politness ‘face work’?


  Address is positive face concerns by showing concerns for others face, for example, giving it to the compliments ‘You’re doing great well done!’
• (face/politeness theory) what is meant by a negative politeness ‘face work’?


  Acknowledging the fact the others face is threatened and apologising for the impositions. E.g: ‘Sorry to be a pain but can you help me mop that floor?’
• Name and Explain all of Grices Maxims: 


  Quantity: don’t say too much or too little

  Quality: Be truthful

  Manner: Avoid ambiguity

  Relevance: stick to the topic
• in terms of Grices Maxims what does Flouting mean?


  Breaking one (or more) of Grices Maxims
• What is meant by Accommodation theory by Howard Giles?


  When we speak to others we adjust our speech to accommodate them. We usually try to make our speech more like theirs to reduce social distance between us
• (Accommodation Theory) what is Convergence and what are their types?


  It is making your language closer to the other persons.

  Upward Convergence: making speech more formal/high register.

  Downward Convergence: Making speech more informal
• (Accommodation Theory)What is Divergence and the types?

  It is using language that is LESS like the other person (typically someone you dislike) to increase social distance and exclude people.

  Upward (more formal)

  Downward (less formal)