DNA

• What is the structure of DNA?


  DNA is a polymer made up of two strands twisted into a double helix.
• What are the repeating units that make up DNA?

  Nucleotides
• What are the components of a nucleotide?


  A nucleotide consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four bases.
• What are the four bases found in DNA?

  Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
• What is a gene?


  A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids, which together make a protein.
• What does the term genome refer to?


  The genome of an organism refers to all its genetic material.
• What is the significance of mapping the human genome?


  Mapping the human genome is expected to greatly impact medicine.
• What are the implications of understanding the human genome?


  • Disease Research: Identifying genes linked to diseases for better diagnostics and treatments.
  • Inherited Disorders: Helps treat and manage inherited conditions.
  • Human Migration: Provides insights into historical human migration patterns.
• What is the role of three bases in DNA?


  A group of three bases codes for one amino acid.
• How does the sequence of bases in DNA affect proteins?


  The sequence of bases determines the order of amino acids in a protein, which dictates the protein's function.
• What are the applications of understanding DNA structure and the genome?


  • Manipulating genetic material
  • Predicting genetic disorders
  • Exploring evolutionary histories
• Where are proteins made in the cell?


  Ribosomes
• What provides the template for assembling amino acids in protein synthesis?

  DNA
• What role do carrier molecules like tRNA play in protein synthesis?


  They bring the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome
• Why is the unique shape of a protein important?


  It determines the protein's function
• What are some functions of proteins?


  Enzymes, hormones, and structural proteins
• How does DNA's structure influence protein synthesis?


  It determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein
• What is a codon?


  A sequence of three bases in DNA that codes for a specific amino acid
• What is the effect of a mutation in the DNA sequence?


  It may result in a change in the amino acid sequence
• Which base pairs with C in DNA?


  G
• Which base pairs with T in DNA?


  A
• What is the impact of a mutation in coding DNA?


  It may alter the protein's activity by changing its shape
• How might a mutation in an enzyme affect its function?


  It may prevent the enzyme from binding to its substrate
• What is the role of non-coding DNA?


  It can affect gene expression and how much protein is made
• How often do mutations occur?


  Continuously
• What can some mutations result in regarding protein shape?


  Proteins may have altered shapes
• How can mutations lead to genetic disorders?


  They can result in proteins with altered shapes that affect function
• What are the key steps in protein synthesis?

  • DNA provides a template for amino acid assembly
  • tRNA carries amino acids to ribosomes
  • Amino acids are joined to form a protein chain
  • The protein chain folds into a unique shape
• What are the effects of mutations in coding and non-coding DNA?


  • Coding DNA: Alters protein activity and shape
  • Non-Coding DNA: Affects gene expression and protein production