Ireland

• Plantations


  Settlements of Protestants from England in Ireland
• Lord Deputy


  The governor of Ireland, appointed by the monarch
• Wars of the Three Kingdoms


  Another name for the English Civil War
• Richard Tyrconnell


  Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1688, appointed by James II
• The Ascendancy


  Wealthy Protestants, Irish born but of English origin
• Who was James II supported by?


  • Irish Catholics
  • Louis XIV
  • Tyrconnell, Lord Deputy of Ireland
• The Battle of the Boyne, 1690


  • 1 July 1690
  • No clear winner, but James left Ireland
  • Without a leader, the Jacobites were demoralised and retreated from Dublin
• English monarchs set up "plantations" in Ireland to colonise the country and take power away from the Irish Catholics already living there
• The Irish supported James II because he passed the Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience in 1687, which granted religious freedom to Catholics in Ireland
• Who was William supported by?


  • English and Irish Protestants
  • The Pope (who was fighting Louis XIV at the time)
• The Battle of Aughrim, 1691


  • 12 July 1691
  • The final divisive battle between Jacobites and Williamites
  • Seven thousand deaths on both sides, but was a clear victory for William
• Terms of the Treaty of Limerick


  Irishmen could join William's army, return home, or follow James to France and leave Ireland forever
• Long-term consequences of the war

  • Irish Catholics were harshly punished
  • Many Catholic tendencies had their land taken away
  • The Irish Catholics lost their army, land, and political power
  • Ireland was now clearly a British colony
• • After 1691, the Irish parliament was entirely Protestant
  • There was no Catholic in parliament until 1828
• Most of the power was held by the English and the Lord Lieutenant who, along with all his staff, was appointed by and held accountable to the government in London
• The Penal Laws


  • Measures introduced in Ireland to punish Catholics
  • Harsh, but not always enforced
• 1695 Penal Laws


  • Banned from studying overseas
  • Weapons taken away
  • Bishops and priests banished
• 1704 Penal Laws


  • Not allowed a public position unless they became Protestant
  • Inheritance rights taken away
  • Banned from some professions
• 1728 Penal Laws


  • Not allowed to vote
• Catholics in Ireland formed three quarters of the population, but only owned 14% of the land
• The Ascendancy


  • The main "winners" in Ireland after 1691 were English-bred, Irish-born wealthy Protestants
  • Many were extremely rich, and became known as the Protestant Ascendancy
• • Not all Protestants were wealthy
  • Scottish settlers were Presbyterians - Protestants who broke off from the main Church of England
  • They were also discriminated against, and many had lives similar to Irish Catholics
• Class and religious divides:

  • Class - the Ascendancy and the Protestant and Catholic poor
  • Faiths - Protestants and Catholics
• The Ascendancy and England

  • The Ascendancy saw their relationship with England as equals, like "siblings"
  • However, the English saw Ireland as a conquered nation, and like a "child" to England's "parents"
• • It's clear that the English expected Irish Protestants to be second-class citizens
  • Clear with examples like this:
  • From 1722-1725, the British government have the right to manufacture Irish halfpennies to an English entrepeneur, William Wood, against the will of Irish Protestants
• • By the 1700s, the potato was a staple food in many homes
  • The healthy diet that included ittt led to more children surviving infancy, reduced mortality, and increased fertility
  • Most people were dependent on the crops that they grew
  • When they failed in 1729 there was a serious famine
• Where did James II's support come from? (3)

  - Irish Catholics

  - Louis XVI

  - Tyrconnell (Lord Deputy of Ireland)
• Where did William's support come from? (2)

  - English and Irish Protestants

  - The Pope (who was fighting Louis XVI at the time)
• When was the Battle of the Boyne?

  1 July 1690
• What was the outcome of the Battle of the Boyne?

  - No clear winner, but James left Ireland

  - Without a leader, the Jacobites were demoralised and left Dublin
• When was the Battle of Aughrim?

  12 July 1691
• What were the outcomes of the Battle of Aughrim? (2)

  - Seven thousand deaths on either side

  - A clear victory for William - the final divisive battle
• When was the Treaty of Limerick?

  1691
• What were the terms of the Treaty of Limerick?

  - Irishmen could join William's army

  - They could return home

  - They could follow James to France and leave Ireland forever
• What were the long term consequences of the war in Ireland on Irish Catholics?


  They had land taken away, as well as losing their army and political power
• What was the main impact on Ireland of the war?

  It was now clearly a British colony
• What were impacts on Ireland of the war?

  - After 1691, the Irish parliament was entirely Protestant

  - Most of the power in Ireland was held by the English or those appointed by the London government
• What was introduced in 1695, 1704, and 1728?

  The Penal Laws
• What were the Penal Laws?

  Laws introduced to punish Catholics in Ireland
• What were the Penal Laws like?


  Harsh, but not always enforced