Scotland

• Highlanders


  Scottish clans who lived in the north of Scotland, spoke Gaelic, and supported James
• Lowlanders


  English-speaking people who lived in southern Scotland and dominated the Scottish parliament in Edinburgh
• Reasons for Scots to support James


  • He was a Stuart, from the ancient Scottish royal family
  • He was still legally king according to Scottish law
  • Scotland had not been consulted about the invitaiton to become king from members of Parliament to William of Orange
• Reasons for Scots to support William


  • He was Protestant, like most Scots, and James' attempts to increase rights for Catholics had been unpopular in Scotland
  • He was ruling jointly with his wife Mary, who was James' daughter and therefore a Stuart from the Scottish royal family
• Murder by trust


  Killers who accept victims' hospitality before murdering them
• Why did the massacre at Glencoe happen?


  • William announced that all Scottish clans had to swear an oath of alliegance to him to prevent a rebellion from the Jacobite Highlanders
  • The deadline was the 1st of January 1692 at Fort William
  • The Chief of Glencoe, Alasdair Maclain, arrived at Fort William on the 31st of December 1691, but was told to make a 100km journey to Inveraray
  • He was a day late, and though he was told that his people, the McDonalds, would be safe, they were not
  • The McDonalds were massacred
  • Under Scottish law, the killing was "muder by trust"
• Consequences of the massacre


  • The London government tried to cover up the massacre
  • Though there was an enquiry, no-one was ever punished
  • The massacre created a climate of fear and anger in the Highlands
  • It deepened the division between the English and Scottish governments and the Highlanders
  • For many, it strengthened their belief in the Jacobite cause
  • It made it clwar thaat the monarchy and Parliament in London was ready to use ruthless means to assert control
• Why did the Scotland face economic ruin?

  • The Navigation Act 1694 - Prevented Scottish ships from being involved in trade to England and the colonies overseas
  • Monopolies - The EIC and RAC had a trade monopoly in goods and enslaved people with India and Africa, and Scottish companies had no access to this trade
  • War - England's involvement with foreign wars meant that trade to Europe was often cut off
• The Darien Scheme


  • Proposed by William Paterson, a respected banker, in 1695 as an apparent solution to Scotland's economic ruin
  • He suggested the formation of a Scottish colony in Panama, on a strip of land called the Isthmus of Darien
• • Scottish nobles invested £400,000 in the Darien scheme, and many ordinary Scots also contributed
  • Several English nobles and bankers also backed the scheme
• • The first Darien scheme expedition sailed in 1698
  • There were 1200 people sailing
  • A settlement, New Edinburgh, and a defensive fort, St. Andrew's, were established
• Mistakes by the settlers

  • Few supplies
  • Inappropriate farming skills
  • Failed negotiations with the indigenous people
  • Lack of fresh water
  • Settlement in an area claimed by the Spanish
• Conditions faced by the settlers

  • Hot and humid
  • Swampy marshland
  • Torrential rain
  • Rapid spread of disease
  • Difficult terrain
  • Thick rainforest
• Lack of support for the Darien Scheme


  • William opposed the scheme, and ordered English investors to pull out
  • The main reason that the scheme failed
  • The EIC saw it as a threat to profits
• After 1700, the English parliement wanted:

  • Scotland to accept thee 1701 Act of Settlement
  • This stated that German Hanoverians would succeed the last Stuart monarch
  • Greater union with Scotland
• England used the "carrot and stick" method to incentivise the Scottish to join the union with England
• Incentives for Scotland to agree to the Union

  • Greater trade freedom
  • Darien debt written off
  • Scottosh Church and legal system left unchanged
  • Scottish politicians bribed
  • Protection against invasion
• England began moving troops north before the union, and there was a clear threat of English invasion if Scotland did not agree to the union
• 1707 - The Act of Union between Scotland and England to become Great Britain
• The Old Pretender


  • James Edward Stuart, son of James II
  • The warming pan baby
  • He made a bid for power in 1715, but failed and was forced to leave in 1716
• Positive impacts of the Union on Scotland


  • Many Scots became involved in the growth of the British Empire - as administrators, soldiers, planters, and eventually governers
  • Exports of grain and oatmeal more than doubled between 1707 and 1722
  • Those who had lost money in the Darien Scheme got it back with added interest
• Negative impacts of the Union on Scotland


  • The government was even further from the lives of ordinary people, especially in the Highlands
  • After 1710, taxes and customs duties were heavily increased, causing suffering for many
  • The Malt Tax led to many riots in 1725 - 8 people died in Glasgow, and rioters were severely punished
  • Many Highlanders ended up living in more poverty than the Lowlanders
• Why would Scots support James? (3)

  - He was a Stuart

  - Scottish law said he was still legally king

  - Scotland had not been consulted about William's invitation to become king
• Why would Scots support William?

  - He was Protestant

  - He was ruling Jointly with Mary, who was a Stuart
• How had Scots reacted to James' attempts to increase rights for Catholics?


  His attempts had been unpopular
• When was the Glencoe Massacre?

  1692
• What did all clans have to do in 1691?

  Swear allegiance to William at Fort William
• When was the deadline for the oath of allegiance?

  1 January 1692
• Who was the Chief of Glencoe?

  Alasdair Maclain
• What was Alasdair Maclain told to do?

  He was told to make a 100km joruney to Inveraray to make the oath, despite being at Fort William on time
• What was Alasdair Maclain told about his clan?


  That they would be safe
• What happened to the McDonalds?

  They were massacred
• What was the Glencoe Massacre, according to Scottish law?

  Murder by trust
• What did the London government do after the Glencoe Massacre?


  Tried to cover up who was responsible
• Was anyone ever punished for the Glencoe massacre?

  No - there was an enquirty but no one was ever punished
• What were the consequences of the Glencoe Massacre? (2)

  - Deepened the division between Highlanders and the English

  - Made it clear that the monarchy were ready to be ruthless to exert control
• What did the Glencoe Massacre create in the Highlands?

  A climate of fear
• What did the Glencoe massare do for the Jacobite cause?

  Strengthened it for many
• What did the Navigation Act of 1694 do?


  Prevented Scottish ships from being involved in trade to England and the colonies
• How did monopolies impact Scotland?

  Scottish companies had no access to the trade with Africa or India