Post industrial

• What role did the middle class play in sports development?


  They played an important role in developing sport.
• How did the upper classes view the cultural development of the working classes?


  They had little interest in it.
• Why did working-class families resist giving up child labor for education?


  They were reluctant to lose the earnings of their children.
• What was the significance of the 1870 Forster Act?


  • It marked the beginning of the modern educational system.
  • Introduced elementary schools.
• What did the 1881 Education Act provide?

  It provided free elementary schools.
• How did education become more accessible to the working class?

  It allowed them to understand the rules in sports.
• What changes occurred in law and order regarding sports?

  There were more defined laws and a decline of blood sports.
• Which sports did the upper classes hold onto?

  Fox hunting.
• Who were the lawmakers that supported upper-class sports?

  Middle and upper-class individuals.
• What changes were made to working hours to promote sports?

  Introduction of Saturday half days and shorter working hours.
• What was the impact of disposable income on sports participation?

  Larger factory owners paid for annual excursions to the beach.
• How did the availability of transport affect sports?

  It enabled better communication and travel for sporting events.
• What role did railways play in sports?


  They allowed sporting fixtures to be played further away and spectators to visit venues.
• What were the differences between amateurism and professionalism in sports?

  • Cricket maintained social distinctions with separate changing rooms.
  • Rugby and football faced controversies over professionalism.
  • Golf had separate competitions for amateurs and professionals.
• What influence did public schools have on sports?


  • Developed rules and norms for sports activities.
  • Initially exclusive to upper-class males.
  • Promoted organized sports in the mid-19th century.
• Who was Thomas Arnold and what was his contribution to sports?


  He was the head teacher at Rugby School who promoted regular sports and developed the house system.
• What was the significance of the prefect fagging system in public schools?


  It was a response to parental anger about bullying, leading to changes in school policies.
• What was the concept of Muscular Christianity promoted by Thomas Arnold?


  It linked sport to being a moral Christian gentleman.
• What is athleticism as defined in the context of public schools?


  It is a combination of physical endeavor and moral integrity.
• How did pupils influence sports at the university level?

  • They brought their school games to university.
  • There was a need for a common set of rules.
  • The FA was formed in 1863 using Cambridge rules.
• Amateur

  Person who plays sport for love of it, no financial gain
• Athleticism

  Physical endeavour with moral integrity
• Codification

  Gradual organisation and defining of the rules
• Professional 


  Person who plays sport for financial gain
• Urbanisation

  People moving from rural areas to cities, seek work in factories