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Neurobiology and Immunology
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Cards (108)
What is
cellular differentiation
?
Cellular differentiation is the process by which a cell expresses certain
genes
to produce
proteins
characteristic for that type of cell
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What type of stem cells can differentiate into all cell types?
Embryonic stem cells
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What are the
therapeutic
uses of
stem cells
?
Therapeutic uses involve the repair of damaged or diseased
organs
or tissues
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What are the
research
uses of
stem cells
?
Research uses involve studying how
diseases
develop or drug testing
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Why do
cancer cells
divide excessively?
Cancer cells divide excessively because they do not respond to
regulatory signals
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What is the structure of DNA composed of?
Nucleotides
,
sugar-phosphate backbone
, and
base pairing
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What is the role of
DNA polymerase
in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase adds DNA
nucleotides
to the 3' end of the new DNA strand
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What is the purpose of the
polymerase chain reaction
(
PCR
)?
PCR amplifies DNA using complementary
primers
for specific
target sequences
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What is the function of
mRNA
in gene expression?
mRNA carries a copy of the
DNA
code from the nucleus to the
ribosome
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What is the role of
tRNA
in
translation
?
tRNA carries specific amino acids to the
ribosome
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What happens during
RNA splicing
?
Introns
are removed and exons are joined to form a mature
mRNA transcript
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What determines the
phenotype
of an organism?
Phenotype is determined by
proteins
produced as a result of
gene expression
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What are mutations?
Mutations
are changes in the
DNA
that can result in no
protein
or an altered protein being synthesized
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What are
single gene mutations
?
Single gene mutations involve the alteration of a
DNA
nucleotide
sequence
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What are
chromosome structure mutations
?
Chromosome structure mutations include
duplication
,
deletion
,
inversion
, and
translocation
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What is the
genome
of an organism?
The genome is its entire hereditary information encoded in
DNA
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What is the role of
pharmacogenetics
in human
genomics
?
Pharmacogenetics analyzes an individual's
genome
to predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases
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What are
metabolic pathways
?
Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled pathways of
enzyme-catalysed
reactions
within a cell
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What are anabolic reactions?
Anabolic reactions
build up large molecules from small molecules and require
energy
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How are
metabolic pathways
controlled?
Metabolic pathways are controlled by the presence or absence of particular
enzymes
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What is
glycolysis
?
Glycolysis is the breakdown of
glucose
to
pyruvate
in the
cytoplasm
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What is the
citric acid cycle
?
The citric acid cycle involves the conversion of
citrate
back to
oxaloacetate
, generating
ATP
and releasing carbon dioxide
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What is the role of
ATP
in cellular respiration?
ATP is produced during
glycolysis
and the
citric acid cycle
, providing energy for cellular processes
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What happens during
lactate metabolism
?
During vigorous exercise,
pyruvate
is converted to lactate due to insufficient
oxygen
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What are the types of
skeletal muscle fibers
?
Slow-twitch
fibers contract slowly and sustain contractions, while
fast-twitch
fibers contract quickly for short bursts
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Where are sperm produced in males?
Sperm are produced in the
seminiferous tubules
of the
testes
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What
hormone
is produced in the
interstitial cells
of the testes?
Testosterone
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What happens during
fertilisation
?
Mature
ova
are released into the oviduct where they may be fertilised by sperm to form a
zygote
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What is the
menstrual cycle's
duration?
The menstrual cycle takes approximately
28
days
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What is the role of
FSH
in the
menstrual cycle
?
FSH stimulates the development of a
follicle
and the production of
estrogen
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What triggers ovulation in the menstrual cycle?
A surge in
LH
triggered by peak levels of
estrogen
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What is the function of
progesterone
in the
menstrual cycle
?
Progesterone promotes further development and
vascularisation
of the endometrium
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What is the
biological
basis of physical methods of contraception?
Physical methods prevent
sperm
from reaching the egg
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What is the role of the
oral contraceptive pill
?
The oral contraceptive pill mimics negative feedback preventing the release of
FSH
and
LH
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What is the purpose of
antenatal screening
?
Antenatal screening identifies the risk of a
disorder
for further tests and
prenatal diagnosis
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What is the purpose of
ultrasound imaging
during pregnancy?
Ultrasound imaging determines
pregnancy stage
and detects physical abnormalities in the
fetus
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What is
amniocentesis
used for?
Amniocentesis is used to obtain cells for
karyotyping
to diagnose conditions
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What is the significance of
genetic screening
and counselling?
Genetic screening analyzes patterns of inheritance in
genetic disorders
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What is
phenylketonuria
(
PKU
)?
PKU is a condition caused by a
substitution mutation
affecting metabolism
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What is the role of the
prostate gland
in male reproduction?
The prostate gland secretes fluids that maintain the mobility and viability of
sperm
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See all 108 cards
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