cells

• describe and explain function and structure of cell vacuole in plant cells.


  cell vacuole has a single membrane (tonoplast). which maintains pressure and rigidity inside plant cell. cell vacuole also contains cell sap (solution of dissolved sugars amino acids and salts) which acts as a temporary food storage for plants.
• what is a tonoplast 


  A tonoplast is actually the membrane that surrounds the vacuole in a plant cell
• DNA in eukaryotes


  linear in eukaryotes

  DNA associated with proteins in eukaryotes

  stored in the nucleus

  genes are split into exons by introns
• describe and explain how structure of chloroplasts relates to its function


  chloroplasts contained flattened sacs called thylakoid which increases surface area for photosynthesis. chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which absorb light for photosynthesis. stroma of chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes , which are used for photosynthesis.
• Where are the cristae found within a cell and what process occurs there?


  folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria , they are the site of oxidative phosphorylation
• what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?


  System of membranes that is continuous with the nucleus, with ribosomes on the outer surface. Site of synthesis and transportation of proteins and glycoproteins.
• Describe binary fission in bacteria

  • replication of circular DNA
  • replication of plasmids
  • division of cytoplasm