globalisation

• What is one reason developing countries can industrialize effectively?

  They can exploit their comparative advantage in cheap labour.
• How has China's participation in the global economy impacted poverty?


  It has lifted 800 million people out of poverty since the 1970s.
• What effect has the decline in production costs had on consumer goods?


  More people can buy once-luxury goods like mobile phones.
• What role has political globalization played in combating global poverty?


  It has allowed the UN to set targets for poverty reduction.
• What are the two sets of goals established by the UN for poverty reduction?

  The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• What was the outcome of the MDGs between 1990 and 2015?


  Extreme poverty was halved from 1.9 billion to 836 million people.
• How can economic globalization lead to dependency for some developing states?


  They may become trapped in neo-colonial dependency on industrialized states.
• What is the 'race to the bottom' in the context of multinational corporations?


  It refers to attempts to reduce costs, often at the expense of workers' conditions.
• What do critics of economic global governance argue about the WTO?


  It does not protect workers' rights or the environment.
• How does economic globalisation reduce the risk of conflict?


  States become economically dependent on each other and trade together.
• What did Bastiat suggest about trade and conflict?


  “If goods do not cross borders, armies will.”
• How does political globalisation help reduce conflict?

  It allows states to resolve disputes through institutions like the International Court of Justice.
• What impact can news networks have on nationalism and populism?


  They can discourage multiculturalism and internationalism.
• What reaction has occurred in Russia against Americanisation?


  There is a renewed emphasis on nationalist, orthodox, and conservative values.
• How does Huntington's theory relate to Islamist radicalisation?

  It suggests radicalization is provoked by fear of Western liberal values.
• Why might economic globalisation lead to resentment in developed nations?


  Workers fear losing jobs to low-wage workers in developing countries.
• What is one consequence of resentment towards economic globalisation?

  The rise of populist leaders, such as former President Trump in the US.
• Give an example of a convention of international human rights that protects vulnerable groups.

  The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
• What is a criticism of humanitarian intervention?

  It is inconsistently applied and future interventions may be unlikely to match the scale of intervention in the 1990s.
• How many states are parties to the Rome Statute that created the International Criminal Court?


  123 states.
• Which three permanent members of the UN Security Council do not recognize the ICC's jurisdiction?

  Russia, China, and the USA.
• What are the key impacts of economic globalization on developing countries?

  • Exploitation of comparative advantage in cheap labour
  • Industrialisation opportunities
  • Economic dependency on industrialised nations
  • Uneven benefits leading to resentment
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of international human rights law?


  Strengths:

  • Protects vulnerable groups
  • Holds abusers accountable

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Inconsistent application
  • Limited recognition by powerful states
• Some emissions pledges arising from the Paris Agreement have been assessed as positive. The EU, for example, pledged a 55% net reduction of emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050. However, summits such as COPs have not yet been able to encourage states to cut their emissions, as they rarely keep to the targets that they set for themselves and these targets are often insufficiently ambitious.
• Economic globalisation has led to a massive increase in global trade, which has been achieved without sufficient regard to the impact on the environment of rising carbon emissions and pollution of the ocean and atmosphere. Fortunately, increased cultural globalisation has brought awareness to environmental needs. Globally recognised activists such as Greta Thunberg are important influences in the discussion surrounding climate change.