approaches in psychology

• Why is Wilhelm Wundt significant in psychology?


  He created the first psychological laboratory in 1875, establishing psychology as a science.
• In what year did Wundt found the institute of Experimental Psychology?


  1879
• What approach did Wundt use to study the human mind?


  He used structuralism and introspection to break down behaviors into basic elements.
• What does the term 'introspection' mean?


  It means "looking into" and involves self-observation of mental processes.
• How did Wundt train participants for introspection?


  He trained them to observe and report their inner mental processes and emotional states.
• What limitations did Wundt find in using introspection for studying behavior?


  He realized it was unreliable, difficult to replicate, and subjective.
• Why was introspection considered inaccurate?


  It relied on unobservable responses and could not effectively formulate theories on memory or perception.
• What is required for psychology to be accepted as a science?


  It must adopt scientific methods similar to natural sciences like chemistry and biology.
• What does empiricism in psychology refer to?


  It refers to gathering knowledge from observation and experience.
• What is the scientific method in psychology?


  It involves objective, systematic, and replicable investigative methods.
• How does objectivity contribute to psychological research?


  It ensures researchers do not let bias influence data collection and recording.
• What is the significance of replicability in psychological studies?


  It ensures that studies can be repeated to verify the reliability of findings.
• What does the scientific cycle in psychology involve?


  It involves building, refining, and falsifying theories based on observations.
• Why is psychology considered a credible science?


  It uses systematic, objective, and replicable research methods.
• What is a major weakness of psychology compared to other natural sciences?


  It is more inferential, making direct cause and effect harder to establish.
• What limitations exist in psychological research regarding behavior prediction?


  Not all behavior can be explored or explained by psychological research.
• How does the scientific approach affect the study of human behavior?


  It may create contrived situations that do not reflect natural settings.
• What does the behaviorist approach assume about human behavior?


  It assumes behavior can be explained through conditioning and learning from experience.
• What are the two types of conditioning in behaviorism?

  Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
• What is classical conditioning?


  It is learning by association between a neutral stimulus and a reflex response.
• Who is associated with classical conditioning research?

  Pavlov
• What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's experiment?


  Food given to the dog.
• What is the conditioned response (CR) in Pavlov's experiment?


  Salivation in response to the bell.
• What happens to the conditioned response over time without reinforcement?


  It eventually ceases to occur, known as extinction.
• What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?


  It is the re-establishment of the conditioned response after a period of extinction.
• What is a limitation of classical conditioning as an explanation for behavior?


  It is criticized for being dehumanizing and mechanistic.
• How has classical conditioning been applied in real-world scenarios?


  It has led to therapies that reduce phobias through systematic desensitization.
• What is a major criticism of behaviorist explanations like classical conditioning?


  They do not account for free will and conscious thought.
• What is operant conditioning?


  It is learning through consequences, including reinforcement and punishment.
• Who popularized operant conditioning?


  Skinner
• What is positive reinforcement?


  It encourages a pleasurable response by providing a reward.
• What is negative reinforcement?


  It removes something unpleasant to strengthen a behavior.
• How does punishment affect behavior?


  It decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.
• What is a strength of Skinner's research into operant conditioning?


  It allowed for causal relationships to be established through controlled conditions.
• What is a major criticism of operant conditioning research?


  It relies heavily on animal studies, which may lack external validity for humans.
• What does operant conditioning fail to account for?

  It does not factor in thoughts and cognitive processes influencing behavior.
• What ethical issues arise from the deterministic view of operant conditioning?

  It suggests individuals may not be responsible for their actions due to lack of free will.
• What is Bandura's social learning theory?

  It suggests learning occurs through direct experience and observing others' behaviors and consequences.
• What are the two types of models in social learning theory?


  Live models and symbolic models.
• What is imitation in the context of social learning theory?


  It is the reproduction of behaviors and attitudes observed from models.