NEUROLINGUISTIC

• What is neurolinguistics?


  The study of the relationship between language and the brain.
• What is Broca's area and its significance?


  • Technical term: anterior speech cortex
  • Named after Paul Broca, a French surgeon
  • Damage leads to difficulty in producing speech
  • Language ability is located in the left hemisphere
• Why is Broca's area crucial for speech production?


  Because damage to this area results in extreme difficulty in producing speech.
• What is Wernicke's area and its role?


  • Technical term: posterior speech cortex
  • Named after Carl Wernicke, a German doctor
  • Damage leads to speech comprehension difficulties
  • Confirms that language is located in the left hemisphere
• What does damage to Wernicke's area indicate?


  It indicates difficulties in understanding speech.
• What is the localization view in neurolinguistics?


  • Suggests a definite pattern in brain activity for language processing:

  1. Hearing and comprehending via Wernicke’s area
  2. Transferring signal to Broca’s area via arcuate fasciculus
  3. Sending signal to motor cortex for articulation
• What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?


  It is when a person knows a word but cannot retrieve it.
• What are the characteristics of the tip of the tongue phenomenon?


  1. Accurate phonological outline of the word
  2. Correct initial sound
  3. Knowledge of the number of syllables
• What are malapropisms?


  They are the substitution of a word for a similar-sounding word that makes no sense.
• What is a spoonerism?


  • Interchange of two sounds, usually initial, in words
  • Named after William Spooner
  • Example: "You have hissed all my mystery lectures"
• What do slips of the ear reveal about language processing?


  They provide clues about how the brain interprets auditory signals.
• What is aphasia?


  • An impairment of language function due to localized brain damage
  • Leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing language
• What is the most common cause of aphasia?


  A stroke is the most common cause.
• What are the characteristics of Broca's aphasia?


  • Also known as motor aphasia
  • Better comprehension than production
  • Characteristics include:

  1. Reduced amount of speech
  2. Distorted articulation
  3. Slow and effortful speech
  4. Use of lexical morphemes
  5. Omission of functional morphemes
• What is an example of a speech error in Broca's aphasia?


  "I eggs and eat and drink coffee breakfast."
• What are the characteristics of Wernicke's aphasia?


  • Also known as sensory aphasia
  • Difficulties in auditory comprehension
  • Characteristics include:

  1. Fluent but nonsensical speech
  2. Suffer from anomia
• How do people with Wernicke's aphasia compensate for anomia?


  They try to describe the object instead of naming it.
• What are the characteristics of conduction aphasia?


  • Associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus
  • Characteristics include:

  1. Mispronounce words without articulation problems
  2. Fluent but disrupted rhythm
  3. Good comprehension
  4. Difficulty repeating words or phrases
• What is an example of a mispronunciation in conduction aphasia?


  "Fosh" for "wash".