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• What is the total number of bones in the adult human skeleton?


  206 bones
• What are the two main parts of the human skeleton?

  Axial and appendicular skeleton
• What is the primary function of the skeletal system?


  To provide framework and support for the body
• How does the skeleton protect vital organs?


  By forming a sturdy internal framework around them
• What minerals are primarily stored in bones?


  Calcium and phosphorus
• What is the role of red bone marrow?


  To produce blood cells
• What is the term for the living membrane that covers the outer layer of compact bone?

  Periosteum
• What are the two types of bone tissue?

  Compact bone and spongy bone
• What is the structure of osteons in compact bone?


  They are tubular structures oriented along the load-bearing axis
• What is the function of trabeculae in spongy bone?


  To provide structural support and resist forces
• What is the process of forming bone called?

  Ossification
• What are the two types of ossification?


  Intramembranous and endochondral ossification
• What type of bones develop through intramembranous ossification?


  Flat bones such as those in the skull
• What is the first step in endochondral ossification?


  Formation of a cartilage template
• How does bone remodeling maintain homeostasis?


  By balancing bone resorption and deposition
• What happens to bones as they age?


  They tend to decrease in density and strength
• What is osteoporosis?


  A disorder where bones become brittle and easily broken
• What is the basic microscopic unit of bone?

  Osteon
• What is the difference between lamellar bone and woven bone?


  Lamellar bone has a regular alignment of collagen, while woven bone has an irregular organization
• What are sesamoid bones?


  Small, flat bones resembling sesame seeds, often located near joints
• What are the functions of the skeletal system?


  • Framework and support
  • Protection for vital organs
  • Storage for minerals like calcium and phosphorus
• What are the steps involved in intramembranous ossification?


  1. Increased vascularization
  2. Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells
  3. Differentiation
  4. Secretion of osteoid
  5. Mineralization
  6. Formation of trabeculae
  7. Formation of outer compact bone
• What are the steps involved in endochondral ossification?


  1. Formation of a cartilage template
  2. Growth of the template
  3. Differentiation
  4. Vascularization
  5. Calcification
  6. Bone formation
• How do osteoblasts and osteocytes differ in bone structure?


  • Osteoblasts: Cells that form new bone
  • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells found in the bone matrix
• What are the characteristics of compact bone versus spongy bone?


  • Compact bone: Dense, forms outer layer, organized into osteons
  • Spongy bone: Lighter, forms inner layer, has trabecular structure
• What is the role of the periosteum?


  • Surrounds compact bone
  • Contains osteoblasts for bone growth and repair
• What are the components of bone matrix?

  • Organic components: Collagen (osteoid)
  • Inorganic components: Calcium and phosphate
• What is the primary organic component of bone matrix laid down by osteoblasts?


  Collagen, also known as osteoid
• How is osteoid hardened in the bone matrix?


  By inorganic salts and chemicals released from osteoblasts through mineralization
• What is the basic microscopic unit of bone called?

  Osteon (or Haversian system)
• What are the dimensions of an osteon?


  Several millimeters long and around 0.2 mm in diameter
• What does each osteon consist of?

  A lamellae of compact bone tissue surrounding a central canal
• What is contained within the Haversian canal of an osteon?


  The bone's blood supplies
• What is the boundary of an osteon called?


  Cement line
• How can osteons be arranged?

  Into woven bone or lamellar bone
• Where are sesamoid bones commonly found?


  Near joints of the hands, knees, and feet
• What is an example of a sesamoid bone?


  The patella
• What is the definition of apophysis in bone anatomy?


  • Various processes or protuberances on a bone
  • Etymology: apo- + physis, "outward from the growth part; outgrowth"
• What is the definition of diaphysis?


  • The long, relatively straight main body of a long bone
  • Also known as the shaft
  • Etymology: dia- + physis, "between the growth parts"
• What is the definition of epiphysis?


  • The end regions of a long bone
  • Regions of secondary ossification
  • Etymology: epi- + physis, "on top of the growth part"