lymphatic system t3

• What is the term for the movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical stimulus?

  Chemotaxis
• What is a single-celled organism that can be pathogenic called?

  Microbe
• What is the process by which a cell adheres to a surface or another cell?


  Adherence
• What is the term for a temporary protrusion of the cytoplasm used by some cells to move or engulf particles?

  Pseudopod
• What is the name of the vesicle formed around a particle during phagocytosis?


  Phagosome
• What organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris?

  Lysosome
• What is the outer boundary of a cell that regulates what enters and exits the cell?

  Plasma membrane
• What type of enzymes are responsible for breaking down food and other substances in the body?


  Digestive enzymes
• What is the process of taking in food particles by a cell?

  Ingestion
• What is the process of breaking down food into smaller components for absorption?

  Digestion
• What is the term for the destruction of microbes by phagocytes?


  Killing
• What type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens?


  Phagocyte
• What is the term for a microbe that has been digested by a phagocyte?


  Digested microbe
• What is the term for the remaining indigestible material after digestion in a phagocyte?


  Residual body
• What are the phases of phagocytosis?


  1. Adherence of the phagocyte to the microbe
  2. Engulfment of the microbe
  3. Formation of the phagosome
  4. Fusion with lysosome to form phagolysosome
  5. Digestion of the microbe
• What is the role of phagocytes in response to tissue injury?


  Phagocytes migrate from blood to the site of tissue injury
• What happens to exogenous antigens during phagocytosis?


  They are digested into peptide fragments and presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
• What is the process of antigen presentation by APCs?


  1. Phagocytosis or endocytosis of antigen
  2. Digestion into peptide fragments
  3. Binding of fragments to MHC-II molecules
  4. Exocytosis of antigen-MHC-II complexes into plasma membrane
• How do infected body cells present endogenous antigens?


  They present them in association with MHC-I molecules
• What is the structure of an IgG antibody?


  • Heavy (H) chain
  • Light (L) chain
  • Antigen binding sites
  • Hinge region
  • Carbohydrate chain
• What is the difference between primary and secondary antibody responses?


  Secondary response is stronger and faster than the primary response
• What is the trend in antibody titer over time during primary and secondary responses?


  • Primary response: gradual increase, peaks, then declines
  • Secondary response: rapid increase, higher peak, and more sustained levels
• What is the arbitrary unit used to measure antibody titer?

  Arbitrary units
• How many days does it take for the primary response to peak?


  Approximately 14 to 28 days
• How many days does it take for the secondary response to peak?


  Approximately 7 to 14 days