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• What is the outermost layer of the Earth called?


  The crust
• What causes tectonic plates to move?

  Convection currents in the mantle
• What is slab pull?

  A force causing tectonic plate movement
• Where are tectonic hazards mainly found?

  At plate boundaries
• How do continental and oceanic plates differ in density?

  Continental plates are less dense than oceanic plates
• What are the types of tectonic plate boundaries?

  • Collision
  • Constructive
  • Destructive
  • Conservative
• What causes earthquakes?

  Release of stored energy in plates
• What is the focus of an earthquake?

  The underground point where energy is released
• What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

  The point on the surface directly above the focus
• How does the depth of the focus affect earthquake severity?

  Deeper focuses tend to be less severe
• What type of volcano is characterized by high viscosity lava?

  Composite volcanoes
• What are the primary effects of an earthquake?

  Ground shaking and infrastructure damage
• How are earthquakes measured?

  Using the Richter scale
• What magnitude on the Richter scale is considered severe?

  Anything over 6
• Why was the damage from the Haiti earthquake worse than expected?

  Poor building standards and dense populations
• What hindered aid efforts in Haiti after the earthquake?

  Significant damage to infrastructure
• What was the magnitude of the Haiti earthquake in January 2010?

  7.0
• What was a major criticism of international aid in Haiti?

  Slow response and poor local collaboration
• How did the earthquake impact Haiti's economy?

  Caused huge poverty and loss of trade
• What technology can help predict potential earthquake danger?

  Satellite technology measuring plate movement
• What are P waves?

  Fast traveling primary waves from earthquakes
• How can alerts be communicated before secondary waves arrive?

  Using SMS, sirens, and radio
• What building features can reduce earthquake damage?

  Triangular supports and shock absorbers
• What are the processes involved in extreme weather patterns?

  • Rising hot air creates convection currents
  • Evaporation leads to condensation and precipitation
  • High pressure zones lead to dry conditions
  • Heavy precipitation can cause flooding
• Where are tropical cyclones located?

  5° either side of the Equator
• What effect does the Coriolis effect have on tropical cyclones?

  Causes them to spin in different directions
• What happens to a tropical cyclone when it reaches land?

  It stops due to lack of evaporation
• What triggers drought conditions during El Nino years?

  Weaker trade winds and reversed ocean currents
• What was the rainfall reduction in Australia during the Big Dry?

  40-60% less rainfall
• What measures did the Australian government take during the Big Dry?

  Offered subsidies for water conservation
• What caused the flash floods in Boscastle in 2004?

  Heavy rain and deforestation
• How many people were rescued during the Boscastle flood?

  150 people
• What measures were taken after the Boscastle flood?

  Afforestation and improved flood defenses
• What is the Quaternary period known for?

  Cyclical patterns of climate change
• What is Milankovitch cycles theory?

  Earth's path changes affecting climate
• What is a major effect of climate change on Tuvalu?

  Sea level rise causing flooding
• How is the economy of Tuvalu affected by climate change?

  Saltwater intrusion makes land infertile
• What are the expected effects of climate change in the UK?

  Increased flooding and species migration
• What are the major processes of river and coastal landscapes?

  • Erosion: Breaking down rocks
  • Transportation: Moving eroded material
  • Deposition: Dropping off material
• What are the types of weathering?

  Mechanical, chemical, and biological