COGNI

• What is the title of the course mentioned in the study material?

  COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
• How is the term "mind" used in everyday conversation according to the study material?


  The term "mind" is used to refer to memory, problem-solving, decision-making, mental health, value, and intelligence.
• What are the various uses of the term "mind" as described in the study material?

  • Mind as memory
  • Mind as problem-solver
  • Mind for decision-making
  • Mind associated with normal and abnormal functioning
  • Mind as something valuable
  • Mind as a descriptor of intelligence or creativity
• What is the definition of cognition as per the study material?


  Cognition refers to the mental processes such as perception, attention, and memory.
• What role does the mind play in determining mental abilities?


  The mind reflects its central role in determining our various mental abilities.
• When was the term cognitive psychology coined?


  1967
• What was the goal of Donders's pioneering experiment?


  The goal was to determine how long it takes to make a decision.
• What method did Donders develop to measure cognitive processes?


  Donders developed a method called mental chronometry.
• What were the two tasks used in Donders's experiment?


  1. Simple Reaction Time Task: Press a button when a light appears.
  2. Choice Reaction Time Task: Press a button based on the location of one of two lights.
• What does the simple reaction time task measure?


  It measures the time it takes to respond to a stimulus.
• What does the choice reaction time task involve?


  It involves reacting and making a decision about which button to press.
• How long did Donders estimate it takes to make a decision?


  Around 1/10th of a second.
• Why was Donders's experiment significant?


  It introduced a method to quantify unseen mental processes.
• What did Wundt establish in 1879?


  He founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig.
• What is structuralism according to the study material?


  Structuralism is the idea that our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations.
• What is analytic introspection?


  It is a technique where trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli.
• Why was structuralism abandoned in the early 1900s?


  It was not a fruitful approach.
• What was Ebbinghaus interested in studying?


  He was interested in determining the nature of memory and forgetting.
• What was the method used by Ebbinghaus in his memory experiment?


  • Used 13 nonsense syllables.
  • Memorized lists and tested recall after varying time intervals.
• What is the forgetting curve?


  It shows that forgetting occurs rapidly at first and then slows down over time.
• What is the savings method introduced by Ebbinghaus?


  It refers to how much less time it took to relearn the syllables compared to the initial learning.
• What is the formula for savings as per Ebbinghaus?


  $\text{Savings} =$$(\text{original time to learn the list}) - (\text{time to relearn the list after the delay})$
• Who was William James?


  He was one of the early American psychologists and taught Harvard’s first psychology course.
• What did James's textbook "Principles of Psychology" focus on?


  It contained significant observations about the mind.
• What did James say about attention?


  Attention is the taking possession by the mind of one out of several possible objects or trains of thought.
• What were Watson's main problems with analytic introspection?


  It produced variable results and was difficult to verify.
• What did Watson want to restrict psychology to?


  He wanted to restrict psychology to behavioral data.
• What was the focus of behaviorism?


  It shifted attention from the mind to the relation between stimuli and behavior.
• What was the "Little Albert" experiment about?


  It involved conditioning a child to fear a rat by pairing it with a loud noise.
• What is classical conditioning?


  It is how pairing one stimulus with another changes the response to the neutral stimulus.
• Who was B. F. Skinner?


  He was an American psychologist known for his work on operant conditioning.
• What is operant conditioning?


  It focuses on how behavior is strengthened by positive or negative reinforcers.
• How did Skinner demonstrate operant conditioning with rats?


  He reinforced rats with food for pressing a bar, which maintained or increased their behavior.
• What did Tolman believe about rats in mazes?


  He believed they developed a cognitive map of the maze's layout.
• What was the significance of Tolman's work?


  It suggested that internal processes could be studied, challenging behaviorism.
• What was Chomsky's critique of Skinner's theory on language acquisition?


  He argued that children produce sentences that have never been reinforced, suggesting an inborn biological program.
• What did the cognitive revolution in the 1950s signify?


  It marked a shift from behaviorism to understanding the operation of the mind.
• What is a paradigm shift in psychology?


  • A shift from one dominant system of ideas to another.
  • Involves changes in how psychology is studied and understood.
• How did the introduction of digital computers influence psychology?


  It suggested a new way of thinking about the mind through information processing.
• What is the information-processing approach?


  It traces sequences of mental operations involved in cognition.