Strengths and weaknesses (Biological studies)

• Who conducted the study on the strengths and weaknesses of sleep research?

  Dement and Kleitman
• Why is the reliability of Dement and Kleitman's study considered high?

  Because it was a lab experiment with many controls
• How did the researchers prevent participants from forgetting their dreams in the study by Dement and Kleitman?

  By waking them up instantly with a doorbell
• What was done to avoid demand characteristics in Dement and Kleitman's study?

  Participants were not informed whether they were in REM sleep
• How was the definition of a 'dream' operationalized in the study by Dement and Kleitman?

  By asking participants to choose between 5 or 15 minutes for recall
• What types of data were collected in Dement and Kleitman's study?

  Quantitative and qualitative data
• What quantitative data was collected in the study by Dement and Kleitman?

  Brain waves, eye movement patterns, and REM sleep duration
• What qualitative data was collected in Dement and Kleitman's study?

  Dream content
• Why might the qualitative data in Dement and Kleitman's study affect its validity?

  Because the narrative length depends on both REM phase length and participant expressiveness
• How does the inclusion of both genders in Dement and Kleitman's study affect its generalizability?

  It increases generalizability
• What limitation was noted regarding the sample size in Dement and Kleitman's study?

  The sample size was too small, limiting generalizability
• What ethical concern arose from the deception of participant WD in Dement and Kleitman's study?

  It could cause distress as they tried harder to recall dreams
• What was the context of the deception involving participant WD in Dement and Kleitman's study?

  WD was told they would be woken up in REM sleep but were woken up randomly
• Why does Dement and Kleitman's study lack ecological validity?

  Because sleeping in a lab connected to electrodes is unusual
• Who conducted the study on the strengths and weaknesses of lab animal research?

  Hassett et al.
• What ethical guidelines were followed in Hassett et al.'s study?

  Researchers ensured constant access to water and proper feeding for the monkeys
• How did the operationalized behavioral checklist improve the study by Hassett et al.?

  It increased the validity and reliability of results
• What was the effect of using different pairs of toys in Hassett et al.'s study?

  It increased the validity by showing general preferences for wheeled toys
• How did using video cameras benefit the data collection in Hassett et al.'s study?

  It increased the validity as monkeys were used to the cameras
• What type of data was collected regarding toy interaction in Hassett et al.'s study?

  Quantitative data on toy interaction duration
• What was a limitation regarding the standardised procedure in Hassett et al.'s study?

  A trial was stopped early due to a monkey tearing a toy
• What potential bias was noted in Hassett et al.'s study?

  Observer bias due to familiarity with the monkeys
• What limitation was noted regarding the sample in Hassett et al.'s study?

  There was a lack of adult males in the sample
• Why is the ecological validity low in Hassett et al.'s study?


  Because the monkeys were in captivity and may behave differently than wild monkeys
• What validity issue arose from the group dynamics in Hassett et al.'s study?

  Monkeys might choose toys based on others' actions rather than personal preference
• Who conducted the study on mindfulness and brain changes?

  Holzel et al.
• What was a strength of Holzel et al.'s study regarding the control group?

  The control group allowed comparison of changes in gray matter concentration
• How did voxel-based morphometry contribute to Holzel et al.'s study?

  It provided a reliable measure of changes in gray matter concentration
• What was the significance of using a standardized mindfulness program in Holzel et al.'s study?

  It increased the generalizability of findings and allowed for replication
• What was a limitation of Holzel et al.'s study regarding sample size?

  The small sample size reduced generalizability and increased Type II errors
• What issue arose from the lack of randomization in Holzel et al.'s study?

  It increased the risk of selection bias
• How did the lack of blinding affect Holzel et al.'s study?

  It increased the risk of experimenter bias
• What is the operationalization of 'dream' in sleep research?

  It involves asking participants to choose between 5 or 15 minutes for recall.
• Why is it important to follow ethical guidelines in animal research?

  To ensure the well-being and humane treatment of the animals.
• What is the significance of using a control group in experimental studies?

  It allows researchers to compare results and rule out alternative explanations.
• How does voxel-based morphometry contribute to the validity of brain studies?

  It provides a reliable and objective measure of changes in gray matter concentration.
• What impact does sample size have on research findings?

  A small sample size can reduce generalizability and increase Type II errors.
• Why is randomization important in research design?

  It reduces the risk of selection bias and increases internal validity.
• How does blinding affect the validity of research studies?

  It reduces the risk of experimenter bias.