cell biology (topic 1)

• What are cells considered in biological terms?

  Cells are the basic building blocks of life.
• What is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently?

  A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently.
• How do bacterial cells reproduce compared to animal and plant cells?

  Bacterial cells reproduce by dividing into two, creating a whole new organism.
• What does it mean for animals and plants to be multicellular?

  It means they contain many cells that work together.
• How many different types of cells does an adult human contain?

  An adult human contains hundreds of different types of cells.
• What is the total number of cells in an adult human estimated to be?

  Over 40 trillion cells.
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  The cell membrane controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell.
• What are the main subcellular structures found in both animal and plant cells?

  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• What does the nucleus contain?

  The nucleus contains the genetic material or DNA of the cell.
• What is cytoplasm and its role in the cell?

  Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where chemical reactions take place and subcellular structures are suspended.
• What is the primary function of mitochondria?

  Mitochondria provide energy to the cells through aerobic respiration.
• What process do mitochondria use to release energy?

  Mitochondria break down sugars like glucose in a process called aerobic respiration.
• What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

  Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
• What are the additional structures found in plant cells that are not in animal cells?

  • Rigid cell wall made of cellulose
  • Permanent vacuole containing cell sap
  • Chloroplasts for photosynthesis
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  The cell wall provides support and structure to the cell.
• What does the permanent vacuole in plant cells contain?

  The permanent vacuole contains cell sap, which is a mixture of sugars, salts, and water.
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs.
• What green substance do chloroplasts contain that is essential for photosynthesis?

  Chlorophyll is the green substance that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
• What are the characteristics of bacterial cells?

  • Prokaryotic and unicellular
  • Have a cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, and cytoplasm
  • Lack mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • Genetic material is a single circular strand of DNA
• What is the genetic material in bacterial cells called?

  The genetic material in bacterial cells is a single circular strand of DNA, often referred to as a nucleoid.
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?

  Plasmids are small rings of DNA that carry extra genes, such as antibiotic resistance.
• What are flagella in bacterial cells used for?

  Flagella are thread-like structures that allow bacteria to move around.
• What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Prokaryotic cells are unicellular; eukaryotic cells can be multicellular.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
  • Prokaryotic cells do not have mitochondria or chloroplasts; eukaryotic cells do.
• What are the two main types of microscopes discussed in the video?

  Light microscopes and electron microscopes
• Why are light microscopes considered conventional microscopes?

  Because they are commonly used in classrooms
• What is one advantage of light microscopes?

  They are small, easy to use, and relatively cheap
• What is the resolution limit of light microscopes?

  0.2 micrometers
• What type of structures can light microscopes observe?

  Individual cells, like onion cells
• What does a resolution of 0.2 micrometers mean for light microscopes?

  Details less than 0.2 micrometers apart will appear blurry
• What are the characteristics of electron microscopes?

  They are large, expensive, and hard to use
• What is the benefit of using electrons in electron microscopes?

  Electrons have a wavelength of just 0.1 nanometers
• What is the maximum resolution of electron microscopes?

  0.1 nanometers
• How does the resolution of electron microscopes compare to that of light microscopes?

  Electron microscopes have 2000 times better resolution
• What does a smaller resolution value indicate?

  It means you can see tinier details
• What can electron microscopes be used to study?

  Sub-cellular structures like mitochondria
• What type of image can be obtained from an electron microscope?

  Images with much higher magnifications without going blurry
• What is a key difference in the use of light and electron microscopes?

  Light microscopes are used in classrooms, while electron microscopes are used in laboratories
• What are the pros and cons of light and electron microscopes?

  Light Microscopes:

  • Pros: Small, easy to use, cheap
  • Cons: Limited resolution (0.2 micrometers)

  
  

  Electron Microscopes:

  • Pros: High resolution (0.1 nanometers), can study sub-cellular structures
  • Cons: Large, expensive, hard to use
• What is the main takeaway regarding the comparison of light and electron microscopes?

  To remember the pros and cons of each type
• What are the different units of length mentioned in the video?

  Nanometers, micrometers, millimeters, meters, and kilometers