Nervous - Endocrine

• What are the main components of the nervous system?


  Brain, spinal cord, receptors of sense organs, and nerves
• What are the primary functions of the nervous system?


  Receive information, process it, and initiate responses
• What types of cells are found in nervous tissue?

  • Neurons: specialized for intercellular communication
  • Neuroglia (glial cells): support and protect neurons
• What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?


  Brain and spinal cord
• What is the function of the central nervous system?


  Integrate, process, and coordinate sensory information and motor commands
• What is the role of sensory data in the nervous system?


  Sensory data can be from inside and outside the body
• What do motor commands control in the nervous system?


  They control the activity of peripheral organs, such as skeletal muscles and glands
• What are the two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?


  Afferent division and efferent division
• What does the afferent division of the PNS do?


  It carries sensory information from receptors to the CNS
• What are receptors in the context of the nervous system?


  Structures that detect stimuli
• What types of receptors are there in the PNS?


  Visceral, somatic, and special sense receptors
• What is the role of peripheral nerves?


  They carry sensory information and motor commands
• How do cranial nerves differ from spinal nerves?


  Cranial nerves connect to the brain, while spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord
• What is the function of the efferent division of the PNS?


  It carries motor commands from the CNS to effectors
• What are effectors in the nervous system?


  Muscles, glands, and adipose tissue that respond to motor commands
• What does the somatic nervous system control?


  Skeletal muscle contractions, both voluntary and involuntary
• What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?


  Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, and glands
• What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?


  Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
• What is the structure of a neuron?


  It consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon
• What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?


  Dendrites receive information from other neurons
• What is the axon in a neuron?


  A single, long cytoplasmic process that propagates electrical signals
• What are the components of the neuron structure?


  Cell body, dendrites, axon, axoplasm, axolemma, and axon terminals
• What are the structural classifications of neurons?

  • Anaxonic neurons: small, many dendrites, no obvious axon
  • Bipolar neurons: one dendrite and one axon
  • Unipolar neurons: continuous axon and dendrites, soma off to the side
  • Multipolar neurons: one long axon and two or more dendrites
• What is axonal transport?


  Movement of materials between the cell body and axon terminals
• What are the two types of axonal transport?


  Anterograde and retrograde transport
• What is the role of sensory neurons?


  They carry information from receptors to the CNS
• What are the types of sensory receptors?


  Interoceptors, exteroceptors, and proprioceptors
• What do interoceptors monitor?


  Internal systems such as digestive and urinary systems
• What do exteroceptors monitor?


  External environment in the form of touch, temperature, and complex senses
• What do proprioceptors monitor?


  Position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
• What is the function of motor neurons?


  They carry instructions from the CNS to peripheral effectors
• What do somatic motor neurons innervate?


  Skeletal muscles
• What do visceral motor neurons innervate?


  All other peripheral effectors, including smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue
• What are interneurons responsible for?


  Integrating sensory information and coordinating motor commands
• What are the types of neuroglia in the CNS?


  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Microglia
• What are the types of neuroglia in the PNS?


  1. Satellite cells
  2. Schwann cells
• What is the function of astrocytes?


  Maintain the blood-brain barrier and support neuron development
• What do oligodendrocytes do?


  Form the myelin sheath around axons of myelinated neurons
• What is the role of microglia?


  Clean up cellular debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
• What do ependymal cells do?


  Line the central canal of the spinal cord and produce cerebrospinal fluid