Eukaryotes

• What do all eukaryotic cells contain?

  A nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• What is the term for the detailed structure of cells?

  Ultrastructure
• What surrounds the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?


  A double membrane called the envelope
• What is the function of the pores in the nuclear envelope?


  They enable molecules to enter and leave the nucleus
• What does the nucleus contain?


  Chromatin and a nucleolus
• What is the site of ribosome production in the nucleus?

  The nucleolus
• What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?


  A series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane with ribosomes on the surface
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?


  It folds and processes proteins made on the ribosomes
• What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) responsible for?


  Producing and processing lipids
• Describe the Golgi apparatus.


  A series of fluid-filled, flattened & curved sacs with vesicles surrounding the edges
• What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?


  Processes and packages proteins and lipids, and produces lysosomes
• What shape are mitochondria typically?


  Oval-shaped
• What is the structure of the mitochondria's inner membrane?


  It is folded to form projections called cristae
• What does the matrix of mitochondria contain?


  All the enzymes needed for respiration
• What are centrioles composed of?


  A ring of microtubules arranged at right angles to each other
• What is the role of centrioles in the cell?


  They are involved in cell division
• What are ribosomes composed of?


  Two subunits
• What is the function of ribosomes?


  They are the site of protein production
• What is a lysosome?


  A vesicle containing digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane
• What role does the cytoskeleton play in the cell?


  It provides mechanical strength, aids transport, and enables cell movement
• What is the process of protein transport in eukaryotic cells?


  1. Proteins are produced on the ribosomes.
  2. Proteins on the surface of RER are folded and processed in the RER.
  3. Proteins are transported from RER to Golgi apparatus in vesicles.
  4. Proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus.
  5. Golgi apparatus packages proteins into vesicles for transport, some leave the cell by exocytosis.
• What are pili in prokaryotic cells?


  Hair-like structures that attach to other bacterial cells
• Name four examples of eukaryotic cells


  Plant, Animal, Fungi, Yeast
• What is cytoplasm?

  Cytoplasm is a jelly-like material containing all organelles.
• What is cytosol?

  Cytosol is water with dissolved substances in it.
• What is the cytoskeleton's function?

  The cytoskeleton provides support and transport within the cell.
• What is the nucleus?

  The nucleus is the largest organelle containing DNA.
• What is the nucleolus?

  The nucleolus is where ribosomes and RNA are made.
• What is the nuclear envelope?

  The nuclear envelope is a double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
• What is the function of nuclear pores?

  Nuclear pores allow exchange of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.
• What is the plasma membrane?

  The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of animal cells.
• Why is the plasma membrane also called a cell surface membrane?

  It is called a cell surface membrane due to eukaryotic cells having many membranes.
• What is one function of the plasma membrane besides controlling entry and exit?

  It facilitates communication with the environment and other cells.
• What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

  The ER is a series of folded membranes forming cisternae.
• What is the rough ER and its function?

  Rough ER has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis.
• What is the smooth ER and its function?

  Smooth ER has no ribosomes and synthesizes lipids.
• What are ribosomes made of?

  Ribosomes are made of two protein sub-units.
• How large are ribosomes?

  Ribosomes measure 22 nm.
• What is the primary role of the nucleus in a cell?

  The nucleus acts as the control center of the cell.
• Why are nuclear pores important?

  Nuclear pores allow exchange of RNA and proteins.