Notes

• What is one way people learn according to the study material?

  Through observing and imitating
• What are the two types of learning mentioned in the study material?

  Directly (conditioning) and indirectly (vicarious reinforcement)
• What is vicarious reinforcement?


  Reinforcement that occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for behavior
• Why is vicarious reinforcement considered a key factor in imitation?


  Because it influences individuals to imitate behaviors they observe being rewarded
• What does the theory mentioned in the study material focus on?


  Behavior and mental processes in learning
• When is imitation more likely to occur according to the study material?


  If we identify with the model and share the same characteristics
• What is modeling in the context of learning?


  Imitating the behavior of a role model
• What are the key components of learning through observation and imitation?

  • Learning through observing and imitating
  • Direct learning (conditioning)
  • Indirect learning (vicarious reinforcement)
  • Importance of identifying with the model
  • Modeling behavior of role models
• Role of Mediational Processes

  1. Attention - person must pay attention to behaviour and consequences.
  2. Retention - store behaviour in LTM, where stays for long time. Imitation not always immediate.
  3. Reproduction - must have the ability and skills to reproduce the behaviour.
  4. Motivation - must expect to receive same positive reinforcement for imitating behaviour as seen model receive.
• Bandura Study 1

  • 72 kids - 36 boys, 36 girls
  • Age 3-5.5 yrs
  • Each condition had 12 girls and 12 boys
  • Matched pairs design - kids paired with other kids as aggressive as them. Controls extraneous variables.
• What was the first condition in Bandura's study?


  View aggressive model for 10 minutes
• What was the second condition in Bandura's study?


  View non-aggressive model for 10 minutes
• What was the third condition in Bandura's study?


  Control group does not view any model and goes straight to toy room
• What happened to children in conditions 1 and 2 after viewing the model?


  • They went to a waiting room
  • Experienced mild aggression arousal
• What did the experimenter tell the children after they were in the waiting room?


  They could play with toys but these were her best toys
• What was the sequence of rooms in Bandura's study?


  1. Waiting room after viewing the model
  2. Second room with toys
• What was found regarding the behavior of children in condition 1?


  They imitated aggressive behavior they saw the adult model do
• How did the behavior of children in conditions 2 and 3 compare to those in condition 1?


  Children in conditions 2 and 3 showed rarely to no aggressive behavior
• What role did the gender of the adult model play in Bandura's study?


  Male kids were more physically and verbally aggressive than females if they saw an aggressive male model
• What type of aggressive behavior did male children exhibit more than female children?


  Physical and verbal aggression
• What were the key findings of Bandura's study regarding children's behavior after viewing models?


  • Condition 1 children imitated aggressive behavior
  • Condition 2 and 3 children showed rarely to no aggressive behavior
  • Gender of the adult model influenced aggression levels
• What was the design of Bandura's Study 2?


  It was the same design as the previous study.
• What was the setting of Bandura's Study 2?


  Kids were taken to a room with a TV.
• What did the experimenter do in Bandura's Study 2?


  The experimenter left after putting the TV on to show videos.
• What type of behavior was shown in the videos during Bandura's Study 2?


  Adults behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll.
• What were the three conditions in Bandura's Study 2?


  1. Condition 1: Saw adult receive a reward for aggressive behavior.
  2. Condition 2: Saw adult being punished for aggressive behavior.
  3. Condition 3: Control group saw adult going unrewarded and unpunished.
• How did the children's behavior differ across the conditions in Bandura's Study 2?


  Conditions 1 and 3 behaved more aggressively than Condition 2.
• What did all conditions do after watching the videos in Bandura's Study 2?


  They went to a playroom to see how they acted with the doll.
• What were the findings of Bandura's Study 2 regarding aggression?


  • Condition 1 (rewarded) and Condition 3 (unpunished) showed more aggression.
  • Condition 2 (punished) showed less aggression.