ties between emerging powers and developing countries

• what is colonial rule?


  refers to the direct control exerted over territories conquered mainly by the European powers in the period 1600-1900
• who where the colonies ruled?


  with no power of influence being given to the original populations of the colonies
• example of colonial rule

  the british empire and how india was a colony
• how did the british rule 'benefit' India?


  the construction of railways in india
• what were the criticisms of the building of indias railways?


  many other countries were building railways and did not have to be under colonial rule

  also the british shareholders in the railways made huge amounts of money
• relationships between existing superpower countries and developing countries are often based on....


  local wealthy elites

  neo-colonialism

  unfair trade terms

  SAP

  brain drain
• what is meant by local wealthy elites?


  people controlling imports and exports in developing countries, have no interest in changing neo-colonialism relationships
• what does neo-colonialism mean in terms of ties between DC and SPs?


  superpowers pull the economic and social strings of the developing countries despite not ruling directly
• how do superpowers take advantage of developing countries trade?


  unfair trade terms

  cheap commodity exports for the developing world are set against expensive manufacture imports for developing countries
• what are SAPs?


  terms for loan to developing countries
• what does it mean when super powers brain drain developing countries?


  skilled workers from developing countries more to developed countries to earn more but leave a void
• what is neo-colonial rule?


  the indirect actions by which developed countries exercise a degree of control over the development of their former colonies
• how can neo-colonial rule be achieved?


  aid and loans, cultural influence, or military or economic support
• example of neo-colonial rule


  Kenya opened a $4 billion Chinese built railway, its largest infrastructure project in 50 years
• reasons why China has a sphere of influence of influence over Africa


  1.China makes use of youth pop of workers by investing in TNCs and business set ups in Africa

  2.China is no longer low cost/income

  3.China is no longer an agricultural exporter

  4.China has gone from the worlds factory to the worlds consumer market. China is investing in Africa's upstream production

  5.Africa is a fast growing consumer market
• by 2050, what will be the median age of China?


  51 years old
• what is the GDP per capita in China vs Africa


  $11,000 in 2020 - China

  $1,596 in 2019 - Sub-Saharan Africa
• how much trade does China now do with Africa?


  20x
• how much FDI is going into Africa?


  100x
• how large is Africa's middle class population?


  350 million
• how did China contribute to Zambia's infrastructure development?


  provided loans for road improvement and invested in copper mines
• what type of pressure did China's economic aid and investment help Robert Mugabe's regime in Zimbabwe avoid?


  political reform pressure
• what criticism has China faced regarding its relationship with Sudan?


  providing military hardware and buying oil without addressing human rights issues
• how has China contributed to electricity generation in Africa?


  finding hydro-electric power projects
• what is the potential downside of Chinese factories and mines in Africa?


  undercutting local producers
• how did China contribute to Angola's post-war reconstruction?


  provided $5.8bn in loans no strings attached
• how did China secure a share in Nigeria's offshore oil block?


  providing anti-malarial medicine
• in what sector does much Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa focus?


  mining and construction
• how have Chinese workers been utilized in Africa?


  mainly in temporary jobs only in the mining sector
• what environmental issues have been associated with Chinese investments in Africa?


  Illegal deforestation in Mozambique, river pollution in Chad and forest loss in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• what was china's belt and road initiative?


  a massive global infrastructure development project, aims to connect china with the rest of world though a vast network of land and sea routes
• how much money is being spent on china's belt and road initiative?


  more than $210 billion, mainly in Asia
• what are some risks for countries involved with the BRI?


  countries can't pay back loans for building transport systems

  -> Malaysia and Pakistan

  some regions will own more than half of their foreign debt to china
• why is it criticised as 'debt-trap diplomacy'?


  giving nations what they can't give back

  china wrote off an undisclosed debt owed by Tajikistan in exchange for 1,158 m2 of disputed territory
• what is the BRI sparking global concern?


  gives china too much leverage on other countries

  'an attempt to win friends and influence people'

  they are expanding military presents, e.g Djibouti

  'if they can carry goods, they can carry troops'