Inorganic

• What happens to atomic radius across a period?


  It decreases across a period.
• Why does atomic radius decrease across a period?


  Due to the increased number of protons pulling electrons closer.
• What is the definition of first ionisation energy?


  It is the energy needed to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions.
• How does first ionisation energy change across a period?


  It increases across a period.
• What causes the increase in first ionisation energy across a period?


  The increased number of protons leads to more attraction between outer electrons, making them harder to remove.
• Which elements are exceptions to the trend in ionisation energy?


  Aluminium and Sulfur.
• Why does ionisation energy drop slightly for Aluminium compared to Magnesium?


  Because the outer electron in Aluminium is in a 3p orbital, which has slightly higher energy than the 3s orbital in Magnesium.
• How does the presence of two electrons in the 3p orbital of Sulfur affect its ionisation energy?


  The two electrons repel each other, causing less energy to be needed to remove one of them.
• What is the trend in melting points for metals like Na, Mg, and Al?


  Melting points increase due to stronger metallic bonding.
• Why do Si and Al have higher melting points compared to Cl2, S8, and P4?


  Si has strong covalent bonds, while Cl2, S8, and P4 have weak van der Waals forces.
• What is the reason for the higher melting point of S8 compared to P4?


  S8 has more electrons, leading to stronger van der Waals forces between molecules.
• What is the trend in ionisation energy for Group 2 elements?


  Ionisation energy decreases down the group.
• Why does ionisation energy decrease down Group 2?


  Outer electrons are further from the nucleus and more shielded from its attraction.
• What happens to atomic radius as you move down Group 2?


  Atomic radius increases down the group.
• Why does the melting point decrease down Group 2?


  Metallic bonding weakens as atomic size increases, leading to weaker electrostatic forces.
• How does reactivity change down Group 2?


  Reactivity increases down the group due to decreased ionisation energy.
• What is the observation when magnesium burns in oxygen?


  It burns with a bright white flame and forms MgO, a white powder.
• What is the reaction equation for magnesium burning in oxygen?

  2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO.
• What happens to magnesium ribbon when it reacts slowly with oxygen?


  A thin layer of magnesium oxide forms on the ribbon.
• Why must magnesium oxide be removed before reactions with magnesium ribbon?


  To avoid false results in reaction rate tests with acids.
• What is produced when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid?


  MgCl2 and H2 are produced.
• What is the reaction equation for magnesium with hydrochloric acid?


  Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2.
• What does magnesium produce when reacting with steam?


  MgO and H2 are produced.
• What is the reaction equation for magnesium with steam?


  Mg(s) + H2O(g) → MgO(s) + H2(g).
• What happens when magnesium reacts with warm water?


  It produces Mg(OH)2 and H2, but the reaction is much slower and without a flame.
• What is the reaction equation for magnesium with warm water?


  Mg + 2 H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2.
• How does the reactivity of Group 2 metals with water change down the group?


  Reactivity increases down the group, with more vigorous reactions observed.
• What is produced when calcium reacts with cold water?


  Ca(OH)2 and H2 are produced, with fizzing observed.
• What is the observation when calcium reacts with water?


  A white precipitate forms.
• What is the process for extracting titanium using magnesium?


  Titanium is extracted by converting TiO2 to TiCl4 and then reducing it with magnesium.
• Why can't titanium be extracted with carbon?


  Because TiC would be formed instead of pure titanium.
• What is the reaction equation for converting TiO2 to TiCl4?


  TiO2 + 2 Cl2 + 2 C → TiCl4 + 2 CO.
• What is the process of purifying TiCl4?


  TiCl4 is purified by fractional distillation.
• What is the final reaction to produce titanium from TiCl4?


  TiCl4 + 2Mg → Ti + 2MgCl2.
• How does the solubility of Group 2 hydroxides change down the group?


  Solubility of hydroxides increases down the group.
• How does the solubility of Group 2 sulfates change down the group?


  Solubility of sulfates decreases down the group.
• What is the use of Mg(OH)2 in medicine?


  It neutralizes stomach acid.
• What is the role of calcium oxide and calcium carbonate in removing sulfur dioxide?


  They react with sulfur dioxide to produce calcium sulfite, reducing pollution.
• How is sulfur dioxide produced from burning fuels harmful?


  It pollutes the atmosphere and produces acid rain.
• What is the test for sulfate ions?


  Add acidified barium chloride to form a white precipitate of barium sulfate.