psychology approaches

• what is introspection?


  Studying and reporting internal thought processes
• what is structuralism?


  Any theory that aims to study the relationship among phenomenon themselves and the systems formed by these relations
• what is the unconscious?


  The thoughts and feelings outside of awareness
• what is the id?


  The entirely unconscious part of the mind that is made of selfish, aggressive instincts and demands immediate gratification
• what is the ego?


  The reality, principal of the mind that balances the conflicting demands of the id and super ego
• what is the super ego?


  The moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self and who we ought to be
• what are defence mechanisms?


  Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and super ego
• what is repression?


  A form of ego defence whereby anxiety-inducing material has kept out of conscious awareness as it means of coping
• what is denial?


  An ego defence mechanism whereby anxiety is reduced simply by denying there is a problem
• what is displacement?


  Form of ego defence where the individual unconsciously redirect the threatening emotion from the person or thing that is caused it onto a third-party
• what are the psychosexual stages of development?


  The five changes in a child development comprising specific conflicts, the outcome of which determines future development
• what is tabula rasa?


  Blank state- when people are born, they are blank state and our phones by education and life experiences
• what is to condition?


  To learn something
• what is classical conditioning?


  Learning by association this occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together-an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus. The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was produced by the unlearned stimulus.
• what is operant conditioning?


  A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences
• what is positive reinforcement?


  In operant conditioning a a stimulus that increases the probability a stimulus will be repeated because it is pleasurable
• what is negative reinforcement?


  In operate conditioning a stimulus that behaviour will be repeated because it needs to escape from an unpleasant situation and is experienced as rewarding
• what is a positive punishment?


  When you add a stimulus to remove certain behaviour
• what is a negative punishment?


  When you take something away to remove a cer behaviour
• what is imitation?


  Copying the behaviour of others
• what is identification?


  when an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them
• what is modelling from the observers perspective?


  Imitating the behaviour of a role model
• what is role modelling from the role models perspective?


  The precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be intimidated by an observer
• what is vicarious reinforcement?


  Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
• what are mediational processes?


  Cognitive factors that influence learning income between a stimulus and response
• what is free will?


  The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological external forces
• what is self actualisation?


  The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one’s full potential -becoming what you’re capable of
• what is this self?


  The ideas and values that characterise ‘I‘ and ‘me‘ and includes perception and valuing of ‘what I am‘ and ‘what I can do’
• what is congruence?

  The aim of Rogerian therapy where the self-concept and ideal self are seen broadly accord or match
• what are conditions of worth?


  When somebody places limits or boundaries on the love of somebody else
• what is a schema?

  A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influences cognitive processing . They are developed from experience.
• what is inference?


  The process whereby cognitive psychologist draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour
• what are internal mental processes?


  Private operations of the mind such as perception in attention that mediate between stimulus and response
• what is cognitive neuroscience?


  The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
• what are genes?


  Things that make up chromosomes and consist of DNA which code the physical and psychological features of an organism
• what is neuro chemistry?


  Chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning
• what is the nervous system?


  Consist of the central nervous system in the peripheral nervous system
• what is a genotype?


  The particular set of genes that a person possesses
• what is a phenotype?


  The characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment
• what is concordance rate?


  A measure of similarity ,usually expressed as a percentage, between two individuals or sets of individuals on a given trait