Topic 5.2

Created by

Anosh Eric

Cards (68)

What is an Acetyl coenzyme A?
A two-carbon molecule formed in oxidative decarboxylation when an acetyl group is bound by coenzyme A. It is oxidised in the Krebs cycle.
What is adenosine triphosphate?
The universal energy carrier found in all living cells.
What is aerobic respiration?
A form of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of
oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
What os the formula for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O
What is alcoholic fermentation?
A type of fermentation that takes place in plant root cells and yeast
cells, and produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
What is anaerobic respriation?
A form of cellular respiration that takes place in the absence of
oxygen. It produces less ATP than in aerobic respiration.
What is ATP Synthase?
An enzyme found embedded in cellular membranes that phosphorylates ADP to form ATP as protons flow through it
What is a light dependent reaction?
The first stage of photosynthesis that uses light energy to
produce ATP, reduced NADP and oxygen. It takes place in the thylakoids of the chloroplast
What is chemiosmotic theory?
The synthesis of ATP through the movement of protons down their
concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane, catalysed by ATP synthase.
What is chlorophyll?
A photosynthetic pigment located in the thylakoids of chloroplasts that absorbs light energy. There are two main types, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
What is a chloroplast?
An organelle found in plants and algae that is the site of photosynthesis
What is a citrate?
A six-carbon molecule formed in the first stage of the Krebs cycle from the reaction of acetyl coenzyme A and oxaloacetate.
What is Coenzyme A?
A coenzyme that binds an acetyl group to form acetyl coenzyme A during oxidative decarboxylation of aerobic respiration.
What are coenzymes?
Molecules that help enzymes carry out their function
What is cristae?
Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that provide a large surface area for oxidative phosphorylation.
What is cyclic photophosphorylation?
The formation of ATP involving photosystem I only.
What is decarboxylation?
The removal of a carbon dioxide molecule.
What is dehydrogenation?
The removal of a hydrogen atom
What is an electron acceptor?
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transfer chain
What are elctron carriers?
Protein molecules that accept and release electron
What is an electron transport chain?
A series of electron carrier proteins that transfer electrons in a chain of oxidation-reduction reactions.
What is FAD?
A coenzyme that becomes reduced when it takes up hydrogen atoms during the Krebs
cycle
What is fermentation?
A type of anaerobic respiration that does not involve an electron transport chain.
What is glycerate 3-phosphate (GP)?
A three-carbon molecule that is reduced by reduced NADP in
the light-independent stage of photosynthesis to form two molecules of TP. This requires
ATP
What is glycolysis?
An anaerobic process that takes place in the cytosol of the cell and breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of reduced NAD are also formed.
What are grana?
Stacks of thylakoids connected by intergranal lamellae.
What is hexose bisphosphate?
The compound formed from the phosphorylation of glucose in
glycolysis. It splits into two molecules of triose phosphate
What is the purpose of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
The mitochondrial membrane that segregates the matrix
from the intermembrane space. It is the site of the electron transport chain.
What is intermembrane space?
The small space between the inner and outer mitochondrial
membranes. The electron transport chain results in a high proton concentration here
What is the Krebs cycle?
A series of oxidation-reduction reactions in the matrix of the mitochondria in which acetyl coenzyme A is oxidised, generating reduced NAD, reduced FAD, ATP and carbon dioxide.
What is lactate dehydrogenase?
An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate
What is lactate fermentation?
A type of fermentation that takes place in animal cells and produces lactate
What are lamellae?
Membranous channels that connect adjacent grana in a chloroplast
What is a light-harvesting system?
A collection of protein and chlorophyll molecules found in the
thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts that absorbs light energy of varying wavelengths and transfers it to the reaction centre. It is also known as an antennae complex
What is a light-independent reaction?
The second stage of photosynthesis, also known as the
Calvin cycle, in which the products of the light-dependent stage and carbon dioxide are used to build organic molecules. It does not require light energy and takes place in the stroma
What is a limiting factor?
A variable that limits the rate of a particular reaction.
What is a matrix?
The fluid-filled space within the inner membrane of the mitochondria which contains
mitochondrial DNA and enzymes required for aerobic respiration
What are mitochondrion?
An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the site of aerobic respiration
What is NAD?
A coenzyme that becomes reduced when it takes up hydrogen atoms during aerobic
respiration
What is NADP?
A coenzyme that becomes reduced when it takes up hydrogen atoms during the
light-dependent stage of photosynthesis