Topic 6.1

Created by

Anosh Eric

Cards (90)

What is an allele?
A version of a gene
What is allopatric Speciation?
A form of speciation that occurs when two populations become geographically isolated due to a physical barrier
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death. This is important for pruning surplus cells and tissues in
development.
what is autosomal linkage?
When two or more genes are positioned on the same autosome. They are unlikely to be separated by crossing over during meiosis so are often inherited together.
What is an autosome?
A chromosome that is not an X or Y chromosome.
What are bioinformatics?
The development of the computer tools and software required to organise and analyse unprocessed biological data.
What is a chi-squared test?
A statistical test used to determine whether a pattern of inheritance is statistically significant
What is chlorosis?
A condition in which plant leaf cells produce insufficient chlorophyll, resulting in pale or yellow coloured leaves. This may be due to mineral deficiencies, lack of light, or viral infections
what is codominance?
When both alleles for a gene in a heterozygous organism equally contribute
to the phenotype.
What is computational biology?
The use of computational techniques to analyse large amounts of biodata and build theoretical models of biological systems
What is continuous variation?
A type of variation that cannot be categorised. It produces a continuous range in which a characteristic can take any value. Multiple genes influence continuous variation
What is deletion?
A form of gene mutation in which one or more nucleotide bases are removed from
a DNA sequence. This may lead to a frameshift mutation, changing every successive codon.
What is dihybrid inheritance?
The determination of a trait by the inheritance of two genes
What is directional selection?
A type of selection that favours one extreme phenotype and selects
against all other phenotypes.
What is discontinuous variation?
A type of variation that can be categorised A characteristic can only appear in discrete values. One or two genes influence discontinuous variation
What is disruptive selection?
A type of selection that favours individuals with extreme phenotypes
and selects against those with phenotypes close to the mean
What is a DNA barcode?
A short sequence of DNA that is used to identify a species. DNA barcodes
are common to all species but vary between species
what is DNA ligase?
An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbone of two DNA segments
What is DNA profiling?
A technique used to determine the patterns in the non-coding DNA of an individua.
What are the five main stages of DNA profiling?
Extraction
Digestion
Fragementation
Hybridisation
Observation
What is DNA sequencing?
Determining the entire DNA nucleotide base sequence of an organism.
In terms of Alleles, what is meant by dominant?
Describes an allele that is always expressed. Represented by a capital lette
What is electrophoresis?
A type of chromatography that separates nucleic acid fragments or proteins by size using electric current
What is electroporation?
A method of transformation in which a small electric current is used to transfer recombinant plasmids into bacterial cells or fragments of DNA into eukaryotic cells
What is epistasis?
Describes a relationship between genes at different loci, where the allele of one gene affects the expression of a different gene
What is Etiolation?
A condition in plants characterised by weak stems and small, pale leaves, due to insufficient exposure to light
What is evolution?
The gradual change in the allele frequencies within a population over time.
Why does evolution occur?
Evolution is caused by Natural Selection.
What is an exon?
A sequence of DNA that codes for an amino acid sequence.
what is the founder effect?
A type of genetic drift in which a few individuals of a species break off from the population and form a new colony. This results in smaller gene pools and an increased frequency of rare alleles
What is a gene mutation?
A change to at least one nucleotide base in DNA or the arrangement of bases. Gene mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication and may be beneficial, damaging, or neutral.
What is gene therapy?
A therapeutic technique in which a faulty allele is replaced with a functional allele in order to treat or prevent disease.
What is a Genetically modified organism (GMO) ?
An organism that has had its genome altered.
What is a genetic bottle neck?
A drastic reduction in population size leading to reduced genetic diversity within a population.
What is genetic drift?
Random variations in allele frequencies in small populations, due to mutations.
What is genetic engineering?
The modification of the genome of an organism by the insertion of a desired gene from another organism. This enables the formation of organisms with beneficial characteristics
What is a genome?
The complete genetic material of an organism
What is a Genotype?
An organism’s genetic composition. Describes all alleles
What is germ line cell gene therapy?
A type of gene therapy in which a faulty allele is replaced with a functional allele in germ cells or a very early embryo. The effects of this are permanent and can be inherited.
What is the hardy-weinburg principle?
A model that predicts that the ratio of dominant and recessive alleles in a population will remain constant between generations, if five constansts remain among generations.