Paper 1

• How is a natural hazard defined?

  A natural hazard is a natural event that has a social impact, such as damage to property or loss of life.
• What happens if there are no people affected by a natural event?

  It is not considered a hazard, just an event that happened.
• What are some examples of tectonic hazards?

  Volcanoes, tsunamis, and earthquakes.
• What are biological hazards?


  Biological hazards involve living organisms, such as forest fires.
• What are geomorphological hazards?


  Geomorphological hazards include flooding, mudslides, and rockslides.
• How can a landslide be linked to other hazards?

  A landslide could cause a tsunami, or an earthquake could cause a mudslide.
• What are atmospheric hazards?


  Atmospheric hazards include wind-related events like hurricanes or tornadoes, lightning, and rain.
• Why do people live in risky areas near hazards?


  They may believe defenses will protect them, have jobs in the area, or not know where to go.
• What human factors can affect the risk level of flooding?

  Fertile silt for farming and the cost of land can influence where people live.
• How does human activity impact climate change?

  Humans are responsible for the majority of CO2 emissions, leading to more extreme weather events.
• What happens if an earthquake occurs in a densely populated area?


  More people will be affected compared to an earthquake in a less populated area.
• What are the layers of the Earth mentioned in the video?

  The crust, mantle, and core.
• What is the mantle composed of?

  The mantle is full of magma, molten rock that flows slowly.
• What do convection currents in the magma cause?


  They cause the tectonic plates to move.
• What are the two types of tectonic plates?


  Oceanic crust and continental crust.
• What happens at a destructive plate margin between two continental plates?


  The plates collide and crumble to form mountains, with no subduction occurring.
• What is an example of a mountain formed by a destructive plate margin?


  The Himalayas.
• What occurs when a continental plate meets an oceanic plate?


  The denser oceanic plate is subducted below the continental plate, leading to magma formation.
• What is an example of a mountain range formed by subduction?


  The Andes.
• What happens at a conservative plate margin?


  Two plates move against each other, leading to friction and earthquakes.
• What is an example of a conservative plate margin?


  The San Andreas Fault line.
• What occurs at a constructive plate margin?


  Two plates move away from each other, allowing magma to reach the surface and form new rocks.
• What geological feature can form on land at a constructive plate margin?


  A rift valley.
• What is formed by the slow cooling of lava at a constructive plate margin?


  Structures such as shield volcanoes or volcanic islands.
• What is an example of a volcanic island formed by slow cooling lava?

  The Azores.
• What is the purpose of the video mentioned in the study material?

  It is a walkthrough for GCSE geography AQA paper one.
• What are primary effects of a natural hazard?


  Primary effects are the first impacts on the population, such as damage to people or buildings.
• What does "Seco" stand for in the context of the exam?


  Social Economic Environmental Challenge and Opportunity.
• What are secondary effects of a natural hazard?


  Secondary effects are the aftereffects that occur over a longer time scale, such as days or months.
• What is the immediate response to a hazard?


  The immediate response is how people react straightaway during and after the event.
• What is the long-term response to a natural hazard?


  The long-term response is how people react in the weeks or months after the event.
• What defines a high-income country (HIC)?


  A HIC has a Gross National Income (GNI) over $12,000 per person.
• What does the key in figure one show regarding tectonic hazards in New Zealand?


  It shows volcanoes, earthquakes, and plate movement directions.
• What defines a low-income country (LIC)?

  A LIC has a Gross National Income (GNI) less than $12,000 per person.
• What type of plate margin is indicated at point Y in figure one?


  It is a conservative plate margin.
• What are the primary effects of the earthquake in Chile (2010)?


  • Airport and port severely damaged
  • Loss of power affecting communications
  • 500 people killed, 12,000 injured
  • Many homes and schools destroyed
• How much movement will there be along plate margin Z in 100 years if it moves 47 millimeters per year?


  There will be $4.7 \text{ meters}$ of movement.
• What are the primary effects of the earthquake in Italy (2009)?


  • Estimated cost of $11 billion
  • Nearly 15,000 buildings collapsed
  • 300 people killed, 1,500 injured
  • Old buildings, including university and hospital, were affected
• What secondary effects occurred after the earthquake in Chile?


  Secondary effects included tsunamis, landslides, and fires.
• Why do both volcanoes and earthquakes occur in New Zealand?


  • New Zealand has both conservative and destructive plate margins.
  • At conservative margins, friction builds up and causes earthquakes.
  • At destructive margins, oceanic plates subduct, forming volcanoes.