14 Review

• Match. Ventral Root

  motor neuron axons
• Match. Epidural Space

  loose connective tissue, adipose tissue
• Match. White Matter

  tracts and columns
• Match. Fascicle

  single bundle of axons
• Match. Dermatome

  specific region of body surface
• Match. Phrenic Nerve

  cervical plexus
• Match. Brachial Plexus

  pectoral girdle/upper extremity
• Match. Obturator Nerve

  lumbar plexus
• Match. Reflex

  involuntary motor response
• Match. Pudendal Nerve

  sacral plexus
• Fill in the blanks. 

  1. Posterior median sulcus → Line at the top through the middle 
  2. Dorsal root ganglion → Circle in upper line 
  3. White matter → Material of outer edge 
  4. Ventral root → Lower line 
  5. Anterior median fissure → Line at bottom through the middle
• Sensory/motor innervations of the skin of the lateral/anterior surfaces of the body are provided by the…

  ventral ramus
• The brachial plexus…

  All (innervates the shoulder girdle and the upper extremity, is formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1, is the source of the musculocutaneous radial median and ulnar nerves)
• The middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds each peripheral nerve is the…

  perineurium
• The expanded area of the spinal cord that supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs is the…

  cervical enlargement
• Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because…

  they contain sensory and motor fibers
• The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by…

  cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia
• The … is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament

  filum terminale
• Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the…

  gray commissures
• The paired structures that contain cell bodies of sensory neurons and are associated with each segment of the spinal cord are the…

  dorsal root ganglia
• The deep crease on the anterior surface if the spinal cord is…

  anterior median fissure
• What nerve is likely to transmit pain when a person receives an intramuscular injection into the deltoid region of the arm?

  upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
• Which of the following actions would be compromised if a person suffered an injury to lumbar spinal segments L3 and L4?

  all (performing a plie (shallow knee bend) in ballet, sitting cross-legged in the lotus position (lateral side of foot on medial side of opposite thigh), riding a horse)
• Tingling and numbness in the palmar region of the hand could be caused by…

  compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
• What is the role of the meninges in protecting the spinal cord?

  The meninges provide a tough protective covering, longitudinal physical stability, and a space for shock-absorbing fluid
• How does a reflex differ from a voluntary muscle movement?

  A reflex is an immediate involuntary response, whereas voluntary motor movement is under conscious control and is voluntary
• If the dorsal root of the spinal cord were damaged, what would be affected?

  Incoming sensory information would be disrupted
• Why is response time in a monosynaptic reflex much faster than response time in a polysynaptic reflex?

  Transmission of information between neurons at synapses takes a finite amount of time. Thus, the more synapses in a reflex, the longer the delay between the stimulus and responses. In a monosynaptic reflex, there is only one synapse. It has the most rapid response time. In a polysynaptic reflex, there are multiple synapses, each contributing to the overall delay.
• Why are there eight cervical spinal nerves but only seven cervical vertebrae?

  In the cervical region, the first pair of spinal nerves C1, exits between the skull and the first cervical vertebra. Thereafter, a numbered cervical spinal nerve exits after each cervical vertebra. For instance, nerve C2 exits after vertebra C1, nerve C3 exits after vertebra C2, and so on until nerve C8, which exits after vertebra C7.
• What prevents side to side movements of the spinal cord?

  The denticulate ligaments prevent side to side movements of the spinal cord.
• Why is it important that a spinal tap be done between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae?

  The adult spinal cord extends only as far as vertebra L2 or L2. Inferior to this point in the vertebral foramen, the meningeal layers enclose the relatively sturdy components of the cauda equina and a significant quantity of CSF.