ARTICLE 1215-1216

• What are the four modes of extinguishing obligations mentioned in the study material?

  Novation, compensation, confusion, and remission
• What effect does novation have on obligations?


  It modifies the obligations by changing their object or principal conditions, substituting the debtor, or subrogating a third person in the creditor's rights
• What is the definition of compensation in the context of obligations?


  It occurs when two persons become creditors and debtors of each other, offsetting their amounts
• What happens during confusion in obligations?


  It occurs when the roles of creditor and debtor merge in the same person
• In the example provided, how does Tito become both debtor and creditor?


  Tito pays his debt to Vic with a check, which Vic then uses to pay Joey, who in turn pays Tito
• What is remission in the context of obligations?


  It is the gratuitous abandonment by the creditor of his right, requiring acceptance by the obligor
• What are the implications of the four modes of extinguishing obligations for solidary co-creditors?


  • They can extinguish the debt or obligation due to all co-creditors.
  • Co-creditors can hold the acting creditor liable for their shares.
• What can a creditor do against solidary debtors according to Article 1216?


  The creditor may proceed against any one, some, or all of the solidary debtors simultaneously
• What is the effect of a demand made against one solidary debtor?


  It does not prevent subsequent demands against the others until the debt is fully collected
• What is the process for extrajudicial demands against solidary debtors?


  • The first demand does not prevent subsequent demands on other co-debtors.
  • If the first co-debtor does not fulfill the obligation, others can still be required to act.