(cells and microbes)

• M - Movement

  R - Respiration

  S - Sensitivity

  G - Growth

  R - Reproduce

  E - Excretion

  N - Nutrition
• parts of an animal cell:

  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
• parts of a plant cell:

  • nucleus
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • vacuole
  • chloroplasts
  • ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
• functions of organelles:

  cell wall (provides structure for cell)

  cell membrane (controls what goes in and out of cell)

  mitochondria (where respiration happens, energy is released from food)

  nucleus (holds DNA information)

  cytoplasm (where reactions happen, supports organelles)

  chloroplasts (where photosynthesis happens)

  vacuole (stores water and nutrients)

  riboomes (make proteins)
• diffusion is the movement of substances through a medium from an area of high concentration to low concentration
• the body takes in glucose and oxygen for respiration, CO2 and other chemicals are disposed as waste
• dissolved subtances can move in and out of the cell by diffusion
• the larger the surface area, the longer it takes for diffusion to occur throughout the whole volume (large surface area to volume ratio, shorter diffusion distance)
• communicable diseases are caused by pathogens spread between people
• non-communicable diseases are developed within a person's genetic or environmental factors
• bacteria produce toxins that make us ill (single-celled, can survive on their own)
• viruses enter people's cells and reproduce, eventually bursting out (only exist by infesting bodies)
• pathogens are spread by:

  • direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • food
  • water
  • air
• ways to prevent diseases:

  • avoid wild animal bites
  • wash hands (maintain hygiene)
  • obey food safety
  • update on vaccines
• dilute solutions have a high concentration of water molecules. concentrated solutions have a low concentration of water molecules
• osmosis is the net movement of water from a high concentration to a low concentration, down a concentration gradient, through a partially permeable membrane
• active transport is an active process which requires energy. substances move from an area of low concentration to high concentration (against the concentration gradient)
• examples of active transport:

  • root hair cells (mineral ions are diluted in soil, plant cells can still absorb the ions against the concentration gradient)
  • glucose from gut into blood (glucose is needed for respiration so its important to get as much from blood)
• all living organisms can be classifiedinto five kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, protoctists, bacteria
• animal kingdom: (e.g. cats, humans, jellyfish)

  • multicellular
  • nervous coordination
  • heterotrophic (feeding for nutrition)
  • store carbohydrates as glycogen
• plant kingdom: (e.g. fern, moss, seaweed)

  • multicellular
  • autotrophic (photosynthesis for nutrition)
  • cellulose cell walls
  • store sugar as starch or sucrose
  • chloroplasts in cells
• fungi kingdom (e.g. mushrooms, yeast, mold)

  • multicellular or unicellular