Reproduction

• What is sexual reproduction?


  The process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote.
• How do offspring produced by sexual reproduction differ from each other?


  They are genetically different from each other.
• How many parent organisms are required for sexual reproduction?


  Two parent organisms.
• What process produces gametes in sexual reproduction?


  Gametes are produced through meiosis.
• What happens to the offspring after fertilization in sexual reproduction?


  The offspring develops through mitotic cell divisions.
• What genetic relationship do offspring produced by sexual reproduction have with their parents?


  They share half of the DNA from each parent.
• What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction in terms of speed?


  Sexual reproduction is a relatively slow reproduction process.
• How does variation from sexual reproduction benefit populations?


  It provides a survival advantage to the population.
• What is asexual reproduction?


  The process resulting in genetically identical offspring being produced from one parent.
• What is the role of gametes in asexual reproduction?


  Asexual reproduction does not involve gametes or fertilization.
• What is the genetic relationship of offspring produced by asexual reproduction?


  They are genetically identical to the parent and to each other.
• How does the speed of asexual reproduction compare to sexual reproduction?


  Asexual reproduction occurs much more quickly and efficiently than sexual reproduction.
• What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction regarding genetic variation?


  Lack of genetic variation makes populations more vulnerable to disease or environmental change.
• How do bacteria reproduce asexually?

  Bacteria produce exact genetic copies of themselves in a type of asexual reproduction
• What are gametes?


  Gametes are sex cells produced by meiosis.
• What are the male and female gametes in animals?

  The sperm and ovum.
• How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?


  They contain half the number of chromosomes, which is 23.
• What adaptations do sperm cells have for successful fertilization?


  Sperm cells have a tail for propulsion and mitochondria for energy.
• What adaptations do egg cells have for early embryo development?


  Egg cells have energy stores within the cytoplasm.
• What is fertilization?


  The fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote.
• What happens to the zygote after fertilization?


  The zygote divides by mitosis to develop into an embryo.
• Where does fertilization occur in humans?

  In the oviduct if a sperm meets an egg.
• How many chromosomes does a human zygote contain?


  A human zygote contains 46 chromosomes.
• What occurs during fertilization in plants?

  A pollen tube delivers the male nucleus into the ovary where gametes fuse.
• What are the male gametes of plants called?


  The male gametes are found in pollen grains.
• What is pollination?


  The transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part.
• How are insect-pollinated flowers adapted for pollination?


  They have large, brightly colored petals and produce scent and nectar.
• What is the role of the stigma in insect-pollinated flowers?


  The stigma collects pollen grains.
• How do wind-pollinated flowers differ from insect-pollinated flowers?


  Wind-pollinated flowers have anthers that hang outside the flower and feathery stigmas.
• What happens after successful pollination in plants?


  A pollen tube forms to deliver the male nucleus to the egg cell in the ovary.
• What develops from the ovule after fertilization?


  The ovule develops into a seed.
• What do fruits provide for seeds?

  Fruits provide a mechanism for seed dispersal.
• What is the difference between pollination and fertilization in plants?


  Pollination is pollen landing on the stigma; fertilization is the fusion of male and female nuclei.
• What are the three key factors needed for successful germination?


  • Water: Swells the seed and activates enzymes for growth.
  • Oxygen: Necessary for respiration to provide energy.
  • Warmth: Boosts enzyme activity and improves germination.
• What is the effect of carbon dioxide on germination?


  Carbon dioxide has no effect on germination.
• What is the purpose of the control tube in the germination experiment?


  The control tube has all factors present for comparison.
• What is the expected outcome for the seeds in the control tube after the germination experiment?


  Only the seeds in the control tube are expected to germinate.
• What does CORMS stand for in practical investigations?


  • C: Change (abiotic conditions)
  • O: Organism (same parent plant or species)
  • R: Repeat (investigation multiple times)
  • M1: Measure (number of seeds germinated)
  • M2: Measure (after a set time period)
  • S: Control (temperature and type of water)
• What is the role of warmth in germination?


  Warmth boosts enzyme activity and improves germination.
• What abiotic conditions are being changed in the CORMS evaluation?


  The abiotic conditions in which the seeds are germinating