How are gender identities changing?

• What did Sue Sharpe study in her research on changing femininities?


  She interviewed young women to find out about their priorities
• How did the priorities of girls change from the 1990s compared to earlier decades according to Sharpe?


  Girls in the 1990s were more confident, assertive, ambitious, and committed to gender equality
• What did the 1972 study reveal about girls' educational aspirations?


  Most girls wanted to leave school at 16 or earlier
• What did the 1990 study reveal about girls' educational aspirations?


  Most girls wanted to stay in education
• How did girls' work ambitions change from 1972 to 1990?


  There was a widening of aspirations, although science and technology continued to be dominated by men
• What was a notable change in marriage aspirations for girls in the 1990s?


  They wanted to marry later and fewer wanted to have children
• What expectations did 1990s girls have regarding their husbands/partners?


  They expected their husbands/partners to help with housework and childcare
• What does Griffin define as hypersexuality?


  Exhibiting excessive concern with or indulgence in sexual activity
• What difficulties do young women face due to expectations of hypersexual femininity according to Griffin?


  They struggle to balance being "up for it" while maintaining a distance from negative stereotypes
• How does the "Run Like a Girl" campaign relate to girls' confidence during puberty?


  More than half of girls experience a drop in confidence around puberty
• What does the "Ban Bossy" campaign aim to address?


  It recognizes the negative impact of the term "bossy" on girls' confidence
• What slogan did the "Ban Bossy" campaign develop?


  “I’m not bossy, I’m the boss”
• How does Connell describe the New Man?


  Men who are willing to redefine their gender identities in relation to women
• What is complicit masculinity according to Connell?


  Men who have accepted social changes in gender identities
• What characteristics do men exhibiting complicit masculinity display?


  They are non-aggressive, considerate, and exhibit more feminine characteristics
• What does Mark Simpson refer to with the term "metrosexual"?


  Men who take a keener interest in their clothes, hair, and personal appearance
• What does Mac an Ghaill and Cannan refer to as a crisis in masculinity?


  The insecurity felt by working-class men due to the loss of the 'breadwinner' identity
• What did Mac an Ghaill and Cannan research regarding working-class men?


  They researched working-class men in Wolverhampton
• What did unemployed men in the study say was the most important thing about being a man?


  Having a job was the most important thing
• How has societal acceptance of transgender identities changed?


  There is greater societal acceptance for transgender individuals
• What does the term transgender refer to?


  Individuals whose gender identity/expression differs from their assigned sex
• What significant event regarding transgender identity occurred in 2015?


  Caitlyn Jenner revealed her transgender identity
• What legislative acts have contributed to the recognition of gender identities?


  The Gender Recognition Act of 2004 and the Equality Act 2010
• What did the research on non-binary individuals conclude about their identities?


  There were clear emotional benefits for these individuals in expressing their non-binary identities
• What are the key changes in femininities and masculinities as discussed in the study material?

  • Changing Femininities:
  • Increased confidence and ambition among young women
  • Shift in educational and work aspirations
  • Delayed marriage and changing expectations of partners
  • Changing Masculinities:
  • Emergence of the New Man and complicit masculinity
  • Rise of metrosexuality
  • Crisis in masculinity among working-class men
• What are the implications of the rise of transgender and non-binary identities?


  • Greater societal acceptance of transgender individuals
  • Recognition that gender and sex are complex and less binary
  • Emotional benefits for non-binary individuals in expressing their identities