10. Gender Identity

• What is the primary difference between sex and gender?

  Sex is a biological concept, while gender is a sociological concept.
• What does sex include as biological indicators?


  Genitalia, sex hormones, chromosomes, and other biological indicators.
• How is sex paired in terms of categories?


  Sex is paired with male and female.
• How is gender paired in terms of categories?

  Gender is paired with masculinity and femininity.
• What are the expected behaviors associated with masculinity?


  Expected behaviors of men.
• What are the expected behaviors associated with femininity?


  Expected behaviors of women.
• What does social constructionism argue about gender?


  • Behaviors are created through socialization.
  • Gender is based on 'nurture' and social environment.
  • Each society creates its own gender expectations.
• Who conducted studies on sex and temperament in primitive societies?

  Mead.
• What were the findings of Mead's studies on the Apareh, Mundugmor, and Tchambuli tribes?


  • Apareh Tribe: Both genders are gentle and cooperative.
  • Mundugmor Tribe: Both genders are violent and aggressive.
  • Tchambuli Tribe: Women are dominant and aggressive; men are timid and emotionally dependent.
• What does hegemonic masculinity refer to?


  It refers to the dominant form of male identities across western societies.
• According to Connell, what roles were British men socialized into?


  Financial providers and authority figures in the home.
• What does normative (hegemonic) femininity imply?


  Women's roles are defined and restricted by men's interests and needs.
• What traditional gendered behaviors are associated with women according to hegemonic masculinity?


  • Defined by male interests.
  • Ideal shape and behavior.
  • Female beauty standards.
  • Roles as nurturing, emotional, and physically weak.
• How is hegemonic masculinity linked to patriarchy?


  It defines what is considered "feminine" and restricts women's roles.
• How does socialization impact gender expectations?


  Socialization creates and reinforces societal norms regarding gender roles.
• How do cultural factors influence gender identities?


  Cultural factors shape the expectations and behaviors associated with masculinity and femininity.
• What is the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and societal norms?


  Hegemonic masculinity establishes the dominant standards for male behavior in society.
• How do power dynamics relate to gender roles?


  Power dynamics often dictate the roles and expectations assigned to different genders.