Livingstone and lunts regulation theory

• What does regulation mean in the context of media production?


  Regulation means rules that media producers have to follow.
• Which regulatory body is responsible for setting rules in the film industry?


  The BBFC is the regulatory body for the film industry.
• What is the role of the BBFC in film regulation?


  The BBFC makes film certificates and can ban films that don't conform to rules.
• According to Livingstone and Lunt, why is regulation of media products considered hard?


  It is hard to decide what rules should be in place for media products.
• What is one reason for the difficulty in regulating media products?


  Many rules are designed to protect audiences from harm and offense.
• How do regulations affect adults in relation to media consumption?


  Adults often feel they should have the choice to watch what they want after age 18.
• What challenge do regulatory bodies face regarding audience protection and choice?


  They must balance protecting the audience with allowing them to choose what to consume.
• How has technology impacted the regulation of media products?


  Technology has made it easier for young people to access unsuitable products online.
• What was a common method for young people to access restricted films in the past?

  Young people would ask adults to buy films for them or hope not to be ID'd at shops.
• Why do many young people now access age-restricted video games or films?

  They can stream or pirate content online without needing to be ID'd.
• What limitation does the BBFC face regarding online films?


  The BBFC has no power to regulate films online.
• Who regulates the television industry in the UK?

  Ofcom is responsible for regulating the television industry.
• What is a challenge Ofcom faces regarding streaming services?


  Ofcom has no power to regulate streaming sites like Netflix and Amazon Prime.
• How does technology complicate the regulation of social media content?


  Content can be shared millions of times before it is noticed or regulated.
• What is one reason why powerful companies make regulation difficult?


  Powerful companies often have significant financial resources that complicate regulation efforts.
• What scandal is associated with News Corp that relates to regulation?


  The phone hacking scandal is associated with News Corp.
• How does power influence the consequences of breaking media regulations?


  Powerful companies may not be punished adequately for breaking regulations.
• What are the main challenges of media regulation according to Livingstone and Lunt?


  • Difficulty in deciding what rules should be in place
  • Technology complicates access and regulation
  • Balancing audience protection with choice
  • Power of large companies makes regulation harder
• What are the implications of technology on media regulation?


  • Easier access to restricted content for young people
  • Regulatory bodies struggle to control online content
  • Rapid sharing of illegal content on social media
  • Limited power of regulatory bodies over streaming services
• What is the relationship between power and regulation in media industries?


  • Powerful companies can evade strict regulation
  • Financial resources can influence regulatory outcomes
  • Historical examples like News Corp illustrate regulatory challenges
• Who are the authors of the academic work on regulation?

  Sonia Livingstone and Peter Lunt
• What is the focus of Livingstone and Lunt's analysis?

  Changing regulatory landscape in the UK
• What does consumer-based regulation aim to guarantee?

  Audience choice and product diversity
• How does a citizen-based view of media regulation differ?

  It emphasizes media's role in shaping society
• What role do governments play in citizen-oriented regulation?

  Defining content that media should broadcast
• What have media policies affected by governments primarily protected?

  Commercial interests of media producers
• What are the advantages of a consumer-oriented regulatory approach?

  • Champions consumer choice
  • Encourages media pluralism
  • Relies on consumer-led policing of content
  • Minimizes government role in media regulation
• What are the features of a citizen-oriented regulatory approach?

  • Based on civic republicanism
  • Focuses on enriching cultural and social life
  • Directs media to serve diverse audience types
  • Maintains acceptable content standards
• What is the primary focus of citizen-based regulation?

  Maintaining acceptable standards of content
• What is a central function of the media in a citizen-based framework?

  Holding government and authority accountable
• What was the purpose of the Communications Act 2003?

  To modernize the UK's regulatory systems
• What did the Communications Act 2003 replace?

  Broadcast Standards Commission and ITC
• What criticism is made about the role of Ofcom?

  It diluted public service requirements
• What is a concern regarding the UK's regulatory infrastructure?

  Industry bias in media oversight
• What do media producers rely on in the absence of state guidance?

  Independent moral or ethical codes
• What factors influence editorial standards in media organizations?

  • Independent regulator codes of conduct
  • Audience-based factors
  • Advertiser needs
  • Institution-oriented factors
• What does the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) regulate?

  UK film and video distribution
• What is the primary aim of the BBFC?

  To protect children from harmful content
• What does PEGI stand for?

  Pan European Game Information
• What is PEGI's primary aim?

  To provide reliable information for parents