Healthy choices validation

• What are the tiny hair-like structures in the respiratory system that help trap and remove particles?

  Cilia
• How does smoking affect cilia in the respiratory system?


  Smoking paralyses and destroys cilia, making it harder for the lungs to clean themselves
• What happens to mucus in the airways when cilia are not functioning due to smoking?


  Mucus builds up in the airways, leading to chronic coughing and infections
• What is the effect of smoking on the bronchial tubes?


  Smoking causes inflammation and swelling in the bronchial tubes, leading to airway narrowing
• What are alveoli and what is their function?


  Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
• How does smoking damage the alveoli?


  Smoking damages the walls of the alveoli, reducing lung capacity
• What is the leading cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?


  Smoking
• What does COPD include?


  COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
• What is the impact of smoking on gas exchange in the alveoli?


  Smoking reduces gas exchange efficiency, leading to lower oxygen levels in the blood
• What are the consequences of lower oxygen levels in the blood due to smoking?


  Lower oxygen levels can cause fatigue and breathlessness
• How many known carcinogens are present in tobacco smoke?


  Over 70
• What is the relationship between smoking and lung cancer?


  Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer
• Why are smokers more susceptible to respiratory infections?


  Smoking weakens the immune system and damages lung protection structures
• What are the long-term effects of smoking on lung function?


  Smoking causes reduced lung capacity and difficulty in oxygen intake
• How does nicotine affect the respiratory system?


  Nicotine increases heart rate and oxygen demand, straining the respiratory system
• What happens to alcohol when a pregnant woman drinks it?


  Alcohol passes through the placenta into the fetus's bloodstream
• Why is alcohol consumption during pregnancy harmful to the fetus?


  The fetus's liver is not fully developed and cannot process alcohol effectively
• What does Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) refer to?


  FASD refers to a range of disabilities caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy
• What is the most severe form of FASD?


  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
• What are some physical defects associated with FASD?


  Small head, abnormal facial features, and growth problems
• What cognitive issues can arise from FASD?


  Poor memory, learning disabilities, and speech delays
• What behavioral issues are associated with FASD?


  Difficulties in social interactions, poor impulse control, and hyperactivity
• At what stage of pregnancy is alcohol especially harmful to the developing fetus?


  During the first trimester
• What current medical guidelines suggest about alcohol consumption during pregnancy?


  No amount of alcohol is considered safe during pregnancy
• How does alcohol affect the development of the baby's brain?


  Alcohol exposure can increase cell death in the developing brain
• What long-term challenges may children face if exposed to alcohol in utero?


  Developmental delays, learning difficulties, and behavioral problems
• What are some social and economic implications of FASD?


  Increased healthcare costs and educational needs
• What is the link between excessive calorie consumption and digestion?


  Excess calories lead to the breakdown of food into glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
• What happens to excess carbohydrates after digestion?


  Excess glucose is stored as glycogen or converted into fat
• How are excess fats processed in the body?


  Excess fats are stored in adipose tissue
• What happens to excess proteins in the body?


  Excess protein is broken down in the liver and can be stored as fat or glucose
• What are the potential issues caused by overeating?


  Indigestion, bloating, and discomfort
• What condition can result from excessive calorie consumption, particularly fats and sugars?

  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
• How does a high-fat diet affect digestion?


  A high-fat diet can slow down stomach emptying
• What is insulin resistance and how is it related to excess calorie intake?


  Excess calories can cause the body to produce more insulin, leading to insulin resistance
• What hormones regulate hunger and fullness?


  Leptin and ghrelin
• What condition can result from eating large meals regularly?

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• How can a diet high in processed foods affect bowel movements?


  A diet high in processed foods may lack fiber, leading to constipation
• What are critical concepts for ATAR related to metabolism and energy storage?

  • Metabolism: Chemical reactions converting food into energy
  • Energy storage: Excess energy stored as fat in adipose tissue
  • Liver function: Storing, converting, and detoxifying nutrients
  • Hormonal feedback: Insulin, leptin, and ghrelin regulate calorie response
• What is the relationship between electronic device usage before bed and sleep quality?


  Using electronics before bed negatively affects sleep quality