Periodic table properties

• What are hypochlorites commonly used as?


  Oxidizing agents
• What is the role of bromides in pharmaceuticals?


  They act as CNS depressants
• What are carbonates used for in pharmaceuticals?


  As antacids and carbonating agents
• What is the function of fluorides in dental care?


  They are anticariogenic
• What are citrates used for in the body?


  As coagulants (in vivo)
• What are iodides known for in medicine?


  They are expectorants and antifungals
• What is the role of metabisulfites in pharmaceuticals?


  They act as antioxidants
• What are acetates used for in the body?


  As diuretics, urinary & systemic alkalinizers, and antacids
• What is the function of hydroxides in pharmaceuticals?


  They are saponifying agents and caustics
• What is the role of chloride in the body?


  It acts as an electrolyte, expectorant, and diuretic
• What are nitrates used for in medicine?


  As preservatives and for treating angina
• What is the significance of the acetate compound?


  It acts as a diuretic
• What are the common properties of Group IA alkali metals?


  They have one valence electron that is easily removed
• Why are alkali metals stored under kerosene?


  To prevent them from reacting vigorously with water
• What happens when alkali metals react with water?


  They form hydrogen gas and a metallic hydroxide
• What is the flame color of lithium?


  Red
• What is the flame color of sodium?


  Yellow
• What is the flame color of potassium?


  Violet
• What is the flame color of cesium?


  Blue
• What is the significance of lithium in pharmaceuticals?


  It has antipsychotic and antidepressant properties
• What is the primary use of sodium in medicine?


  It is used with caution in treating fluid retention
• What is the role of bicarbonate in pharmaceuticals?


  It is a systemic antacid
• What is the function of magnesium in the body?


  It acts as a natural calcium channel blocker
• What is the toxicity associated with copper?


  Wilson’s disease
• What are the symptoms of Wilson’s disease?


  Hepatic cirrhosis, jaundice, and brain damage
• What is the primary use of silver in medicine?


  It has oligodynamic action to inhibit microorganisms
• What is the significance of gold in pharmaceuticals?


  It is used in treating rheumatoid arthritis and gout
• What are the common properties of Group IIA alkali earth metals?


  They form bivalent cations and ionic salts
• What is the role of calcium in the body?


  It is a blood coagulation factor and involved in muscle contraction
• What are the common uses of alkali metals in pharmaceuticals?


  • Lithium: Antipsychotics / Antidepressants
  • Sodium: Fluid retention treatment
  • Potassium: Diuretic effect
  • Calcium: Antacid and muscle contraction
• What are the differences between Group IA and Group IB metals?


  Group IA:

  • Highly reactive
  • Soft metals
  • One valence electron

  
  

  Group IB:

  • Less reactive
  • Harder metals
  • One electron in the valence shell followed by 18 electrons
• What are the common properties of Group IIA alkali earth metals?


  • Bivalent cations
  • Form ionic salts and oxides
  • Generally, salts are hydrates
  • Flame colors vary by element
• What are the toxicities associated with beryllium and copper?

  • Beryllium: Berylliosis
  • Copper: Wilson’s disease
• What are the common applications of magnesium in pharmaceuticals?


  • Laxative
  • Anticonvulsant
  • Component of Grignard reagent
• What are the common applications of calcium in pharmaceuticals?


  • Antacid
  • Blood coagulation factor
  • Muscle contraction
• What are the common applications of silver in pharmaceuticals?


  • Antimicrobial agent
  • Ophthalmic solutions
  • Tollen's reagent
• What are the common applications of gold in pharmaceuticals?


  • Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
  • Treatment for gout
• What are the common applications of nitrates and nitrites in pharmaceuticals?


  • Nitrates: Preservatives, angina treatment
  • Nitrites: Antidote for cyanide poisoning
• What are the common applications of hydroxides in pharmaceuticals?


  • Caustic agents
  • Saponifying agents
  • Antacids
• What are the common applications of carbonates in pharmaceuticals?


  • Antacids
  • Laxatives
  • Carbonating agents